Teaching ESL Writing (Final Paper) -- Education Learning Essays

Teaching ESL Writing At times the plethora of professional journals and the myriad subjects treated therein seems like little more than a dizzying exercise in redundancy and a forum for education professionals to justify their worth in a competitive job market; however, I would like to think that there is a hidden value for those of us whose brains seem to operate in what some might call a â€Å"spiral† rhetorical pattern, that as we work our way around and around certain issues related to composition instruction, we are moving gradually upward toward broader understanding and better practice. Some studies seem to do little more than show the need for more studies, their authors falling back on such standard phrases as, â€Å"clearly more research is needed,† but that at least is evidence that we’re moving toward something – we’re trying to pinpoint the exact gap between educational practice as we know it and as we sense it might exist in an improved state. So, it is with this hope in mind that I’ve undertaken yet another literature review, consuming the writings of others in order to find a specific gap in (at least my own) understanding of educational practice as it relates to college-level ESL composition students in general, and to college-level ESL students with learning disabilities (LD) specifically. For the purposes of this paper I shall borrow Skinner and Gilespie’s definition of learning disabilities as follows: [Learning disabled persons are those] of average or above average intelligence who have difficulty mastering skills in reading and spelling (often in the form of dis- lexia), and /or writing, or math. ... ...es. March/April 2001, 34, 2. 136-152. Munro, Murray J. and Tracey M. Derwing. â€Å"Foreign Accent, Comprehensibility, and Inteligibility.† Language Learning. June 1999, 49, 2. 285-111. Poon-McBrayer, Kim Feng and Shernaz B. Garcia. â€Å"Profiles of Asian American Students with Learning Disabilities at Initial Referral, Assessment, and Place- ment in Special Education.† Journal of Learning Disabilities. Jan/Feb 2001, 33, 1. 61-71. Skinner, Louise and Phyllis Gillespie. â€Å"The Challenge of Adult Literacy: Students with Learning Disabilities in the ABE Classroom.† Adult Basic Education. Fall 2000, 10, 3. Spack, Ruth. â€Å"Student Meets Text, Text Meets Student: Finding a Way into Academic Discourse.† Reading in the Composition Classroom: Second Language Perspectives. Ed. Joan G. Carson and Ilona Leki. Boston: Heinle & Heinle Publishers, 1993. 183-196.

Ancient Polytheistic Religion Compared to Judaism

Ancient polytheistic religion compared to Judaism Ancient polytheistic and Judaism are two of the most opposite beliefs possible. Polytheistic belief is the belief in more than just one god. Polytheism was brought to this world by the ancient Egyptians and the ancient Greeks. The Greek gods often took on the form of being humans while the Egyptian gods were the main cornerstone to their beliefs and religion. Judaism or the belief of Monotheism is the belief in one main god. Monotheism we brought to the world by the Jewish culture. It was originated from the Hebrew bible and is one of the oldest religions still living today.Judaism was a monotheistic religion of the Jews having its spiritual and ethical ideas embodied mainly in the Torah and the Talmud. The Torah and the Talmud are part of the sacred book of the Jews which is the bible. The first civilization appeared to have arisen in Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia was founded by a group of people called the Sumerians during the fourth mil lennium B. C. E. It lies in the Tigris-Euphrates Valley. The Sumerians and their successors were polytheistic which means they worshiped many gods and goddesses. Their Gods and Goddesses were visualized in human form, with human needs and weaknesses.The Mesopotamians believed that the human race was created to serve the gods. The Mesopotamian temples were run like great households where the gods were fed fantastic meals, entertained with music, and honored with ritual. The Mesopotamians had a very gloomy picture of the afterworld. They were confined to a dusty dark netherworld, doomed with hunger and thirst unless someone offered them food or drink. There was no reward in being religious because everyone was in equal misery. Religion played a huge part in the literature and art of Mesopotamia.Poems were told of the deeds of the gods, like how the world was created. Also poems were told of the great hero king Gilgamesh, who tried to escape death by going on a journey to find the sole survivor of the great flood. The religious architecture was in the form of temples in the cities. As the Mesopotamian civilization rose up in the valley of Tigris and Euphrates, the Egyptian civilization was centered on the Nile River. The Egyptians were also a polytheistic religion, in that they believed in many gods. Egyptian Gods have human bodies, with human or animal heads, and wear crowns or thorns.Egyptian Gods were gods of different things such as the sky, sun, earth, and music. The Egyptians worship took place at small shrines; they left offerings to the chosen gods as well as simple prayers. The Egyptians believed that there afterlife was full of dangers, but those dangers could be overcame by magical spells in the Book of the Dead. Also the Egyptians believed in the preservation of the body and that it was essential for the afterlife. The Hittites were an Indo-European, speaking a language that was related to the Greek and Sanskrit.The Hittites adopted Mesopotamian writi ng along with many other aspects of the Mesopotamian culture, including polytheism. The discovery of iron was found in the Hittites region, somewhat before the creation of their kingdom. The discovery led to the making of iron weapons and tools rather than copper ones. The Discovery of the iron led to the beginning of the Iron Age. Other ancient societies that were polytheistic were the Persians, and the Assyrians. The Israelites possessed little worldly power or wealth, but they created a powerful religion, known as Judaism which is a form of monotheism.Judaism was the first and the longest lasting form of monotheism in a world of polytheism. Judaism is a part of two other religions that have played a big role in the history of the world, Christianity and Islam. Monotheism is the belief in one universal god, who was the creator and ruler of the universe. The Jewish God is neither a natural force nor like human beings, or any other kind of creature; he is so elevated that those who believe in him may not picture him in any form. I personally best relate to Judaism and believing in one single god because I practice the religion of Christianity.I believe the words of the bible and how God is said to have created all forms of life and all things. I grew up in a religious family where we attended masses weekly on Sunday mornings and prayed before and after our meals. I believe that the religion you have been raised up into plays a huge role on your worldview that you best identify with. Along with your family I also believe it’s your own personal ethics that play a role in your worldview of religion. Your ethics are based on what you believe is right or wrong.In my religion of being a Catholic, I believe that God created all things and sent Adam and Eve to represent him in man form. I also believe that Jesus Christ died on the cross, rose to heaven and then came back to earth for human salvation and to save us from sin. The reason I don’t believe in Polytheism is because I find it hard to believe that there would be gods for many different parts of our world. I also think that if a God is suppose to be worshipped and treated like an all-mighty that there should only be one person or God treated with the most significant amount of respect.

Research Paper Illiteracy - 9348 Words

Topic: Literacy Statement of the Problem: An investigation into how the level of literacy affects form two pupils’ progress in content literacy at Coryal High School. Background to the Problem This problem began at the primary level where students missed out on basic concepts. These basic concepts were taught at the infant level at primary school. These students operating at the frustration level of reading never understood those concepts. These students proceeded from the infant level to standard five, without having a basic understanding of reading concepts. Since this problem was never resolved at primary level, it is now being transferred to secondary level. Moreover, since the removal of the Post Primary Centres,†¦show more content†¦Think Aloud: An instructional procedure used to aid comprehension by demonstrating the active thinking process of the reader’s mind. Content Literacy: The ability to use reading and writing for the acquisition of new content in a given discipline. Thoughtful Literacy: To ponder deeper meanings, wrapping themselves around the ideas and critiquing the author. Emergent Literacy: a continuum of understandings that lead to a student’s ability to associate letter sounds and meanings to printed words and to read and write successfully. Instructional Level: Teaching Level Frustration level: This level is to be avoided. It is the lowest level of readability. Independent Level: Students read on their own without any difficulty Reciprocal teaching: The investigation of metacognitive and cognitive strategies in the context of dialogue among teachers and students. Delimitation of the Study: The study focuses on students of Coryal High School both boys and girls in form two between the ages of thirteen to sixteen. Basic Assumptions: The researcher assumes that students entering secondary school would be at an independent level of reading and not at instructional level, or even worse frustration level. The student should have attained basic reading, writing, listening and speaking skills at the primary level. This is the solid foundation that students should enter secondary level with. When studentsShow MoreRelatedHow Illiteracy E. Ffects Individual People And Society As A Whole1739 Words   |  7 PagesProfessor Jean Schloeman English 101 15 June 2015 How illiteracy e ffects individual people and society as a whole An Estimated 27 Million Americans are considered illiterate, and another 45 million are considered marginally competent in basic skills. (Women,illiteracy,pov) An illiterate person in our society faces trials every day that are taxing, making life difficult mentally and physically. There is an overwhelming amount of research and studies that indicate that individuals that are functionallyRead MoreCorrelation Between Parental Literacy And Literacy1349 Words   |  6 Pagesliteracy refers to the cycle of low literacy that exists in families. This paper will examine intergenerational illiteracy and programs that increase family literacy while decreasing high school dropout. To answer the question; Does intergenerational illiteracy affect educational achievement and what can be done to decrease intergenerational illiteracy and increase literacy education levels? This paper will analyze research that shows the connection between parental literacy and the lower educationalRead MoreThe Issue and History of Illiteracy Among African Americans1510 Words   |  7 PagesThe Issue And History Of Illiteracy Among African Americans Becca White Writing 123 Instructor Sydney Darby 27 May 2008 Illiteracy is a growing issue in America. The U.S. Department of Education funded the National Adult Literacy Survey (NALS) in 1992 that estimates over 90 million Americans fall well below an eight grade literacy level (Rome, 2004, pp. 84). Nowhere is this tragedy more prevalent than among the impoverished African Americans. Illiteracy has always been higher among AfricanRead MoreEssay on Technical Illiteracy and Its Impact on Society959 Words   |  4 PagesTechnical illiteracy â€Å"In a digital age, we must learn how to make the software, or risk becoming the software† by Rush off (Rushkoff). This quotation helps in the paper to support our points against the technical illiteracy and its impact on the society. We are living in the 21st century, we use the benefits of scientific progress, and we consider ourselves civilized people. The future of society is not only to learn new skills, operate a computer, not only become a modern illiterate, but also toRead MoreBankruptcy Among Youth1748 Words   |  7 PagesCard Abuse, 2012). According to a survey by the Education and Research Association for Consumers, the number of Malaysians in financial distress appears to have increased, as evidenced in the jump in the number of bankruptcy filings from 13,855 in 2008 to 19,167 last year (NewStraitsTimes, 2012). Therefore, this research will investigate further about what are the factors that lead many youth to being sentences bankruptcy. 2.1 Research Question 2.1.1 What are the relationship between unemploymentRead MoreIlliteracy Among African Americans Essay1577 Words   |  7 PagesRunning Head: Illiteracy among African Americans Illiteracy among African Americans LaKisha Heard Marygrove College Abstract The high rate of illiteracy is a major problem in the United States. Although there have been programs and initiatives started to eradicate this problem, illiteracy still plagues millions of Americans. Out of all ethnic groups, African Americans have a higher illiteracy rate. Within this project, the causes of illiteracy are revealed and viable solutions to thisRead MoreComputer Literacy And Technology Education Essay1415 Words   |  6 Pages54912-2277 Dear Mrs. Jaber: The attached research paper, requested by Jill Jaber as required by the Written Communication curriculum at Fox Valley Technical College, describes the need for computer literacy and adjustments to technology to help combat computer illiteracy. This study was produced to examine computer literacy in the following areas: †¢ The necessity of computer literacy in the work environment †¢ The pervasiveness of computer illiteracy †¢ The effect of current technology educationRead MoreDane S Claussens Paper on Cognitive Dissonance, Media Illiteracy and Public Opinion on News Media: A Critical Analysis2091 Words   |  8 PagesDane S. Claussens paper on cognitive dissonance, media illiteracy and public opinion on news media This paper aims at providing a critical analysis of Dane S. Claussens paper on, and titled, cognitive dissonance, media illiteracy and public opinion on news media. In this paper you will find, first a brief description of the paper being critiqued, followed by a short summary of the paper. Then you will find a brief description of the contextual position and importance of this paper. Following thatRead MoreCritical Analysis - Cognitive Dissonance, Media Illiteracy and Public Opinion on News Media’1546 Words   |  7 Pages ‘Cognitive Dissonance, Media illiteracy and Public Opinion on News Media’, American Behavioral Scientist, Volume 48, Issue 2, pp. 212-218. Topic – The article ‘Cognitive Dissonance, Media Illiteracy and Public Opinion on News Media’ is examining and discussing public opinion, media illiteracy and cognitive dissonance. The author takes you through a break down on public opinion of newspapers and television news and shows why a lot of the quantitative research taken over the past several decadesRead MoreDoes Illiteracy Affect Crime and Poverty Rates?1757 Words   |  7 PagesDoes Illiteracy Affect Crime and Poverty Rates? Illiteracy is a growing problem in the United States. The amount of juvenile delinquents entering correctional facilities that are considered â€Å"functionally illiterate† is at an astonishing 85%. Being functionally illiterate means that these children lack reading and comprehension skills that are necessary in order to function in everyday situations as well as the ability to work and maintain a job. Complete illiteracy means a person cannot read or

Committees and Group Decision Making - 5101 Words

| Committees and Group Decision Making What is Committee? Committee is a group of persons to whom, as a group, some matter is committed. Its right purpose can result in greater motivation, improved problem solving, and increased output. Committees are prevalent in business. A board of directors is a committee, as are its various constituent groups, such as the executive committee, the finance committee, the audit committee, and the bonus committee. Occasionally, one finds a business managed by a management committee instead of a president. In a study of subscribers to the Harvard Business Review, only 8 percent of the respondents indicated that they would eliminate committees if it were within their power. The problem, then, is not†¦show more content†¦Coordination of Departments, Plans, and Policies There is general agreement that committees are very useful for coordinating activities arrangements among various organizational units. Committees are also useful for coordinating planning and the execution of progra ms. The dynamics of modern enterprise place a heavy burden on its managers to integrate plans and activities. With complications, change, and numerous specialized departments, it is difficult to coordinate every activity, every subordinate plan, and every expenditure. A committee permits the individuals concerned not only to obtain firsthand a picture of overall plans and of their place in them but also to contribute suggestions on the spot for improvement of plans. Committees also furnish a place where agreement may be reached on the steps in coordination. Transmission and Sharing of Information Committees are useful for transmitting and sharing information. All group members affected by a mutual problem or project can learn of it simultaneously, and decisions and instructions can be received uniformly with opportunities for clarification. The time thus saved may be considerable; and the spoken word, with its possibilities for overtones and emphasis and the opportunities forShow Mo reRelatedBritish Columbias Publicly-Funded Immunization Programme1325 Words   |  5 Pagesevidence-based process for recommending new vaccines and for making adjustments to the existing programme. Background Recent years have seen an increase in the number of new vaccines available on the Canadian market, and increasing divergence in provincial and territorial immunization programmes as jurisdictions must choose among available health interventions with limited funding, incomplete and slow National recommendations and varying decision-making systems. Current National Processes In Canada, theRead MoreEthics Committees Are Formed To Help Hospital And Medical1699 Words   |  7 PagesEthics Committees are formed to help hospital and medical personnel resolve ethical issues that arise in their facility. The committee members are a mix of hospital personnel, including physicians, nurses, administration, social work, chaplains and others. These professionals work together to assure quality patient care in their facility. To achieve their goal the members must work together with open communication, mutual respect, and shared decision making. I will discuss three points related toRead MoreThe University Interscholastic League Of Texas Essay1740 Words   |  7 Pagesobjective statement that says, â€Å"sensible organized competition under proper controls has demonstrated its value† defines the strategy of the UIL to maintain its responsibilities in an orderly fashion. To this end, the UIL works closely with outside groups to maintain high quality of judge s for music and theatre contests, sport referee officials for athletic competitions, and rigorous content and testing for academic competitions. The UIL also provides free access to academic, music, and theatricalRead MoreThe Government Style of Britain Essays941 Words   |  4 Pagesrestricted the power of the lords. Britain’s membership with the EU has meant vital decisions affecting Britain being made away from parliament. For example in the case of the Common Agricultural Policy in 1997, parliament was not involved. Pressure groups have also meant that the executive has gained more power and dominance as they have often received advice from pressure groups resulting in increasing popularity within the executive. Referendums have also underminedRead MoreDesign A Future Shared Governance Model For Slmc819 Words   |  4 Pagesthrough committee structure† (Brewton et al., 2012, p. 40). Furthermore, the CNE and NLC will commit to creating and upholding a culture of safety at SLMC. The interdisciplinary committees, such as â€Å"Clinical Practice Committee (CPC), Quality Unity Empowerment Team (QUE), Creating Our Culture (COC), Educational Governing Group (EGG), Compas Advisory Committee (CAC), Skin Wound and Assessment Team (SWAT), Falls Committee, and Interdisciplinary Evidence-Based Practice Committee (IEBPRC)† will be limitedRead MoreCongressional Committees and Healthcare Policy Essay1130 Words   |  5 PagesCongressional Committees and Healthcare Policy (Chapter Review) An important point made in Weissert and Weissert concerning Congress and its committee structure is that the majority of the work in Congress is done through committees. They perform the majority of research on issues and possible solutions, get legislation written, re-written and amended, and support it as it moves through Congress and finally gets passed. They are the â€Å"workhorses of the legislature† (Weissert and Weissert, 29). Read MoreEssay on The Riksdag: Swedens Monarchy-Democratic Government1415 Words   |  6 PagesSweden’s votes, they will receive 20% of the 349 seats; the next election to be held is in September, 2014. Furthermore, there are 349 seats in order to prevent the hypothetical occurrence of an issue having an equal amount of votes for two different decisions, which would not be decisive or efficient because it would force the Riksdag to further discuss the matter and hold another vote on the same issue. â€Å"All power proceeds from the people. This is the foundation of parliamentary democracy in SwedenRead MoreCase Study : Insurance Groups Current Governance Protocols And Practices1550 Words   |  7 Pagesissues of corporate fraud and unethical business practices. In this report, we will review QBE Insurance Group’s current governance protocols and practices and provide recommendations where deemed necessary by the author. History of QBE QBE Insurance Group Limited (QBE) is a renowned global insurance company with its headquarters in Sydney, Australia. It currently offers insurance services in America, Australia, Europe, and Asia Pacific region. QBE was founded in January 1886 to provide general and reinsuranceRead MoreThe Conflict Between Great Britain and the North American Colonies742 Words   |  3 PagesAmerican life.† Great Britain and the American colonies had a relationship impacted with many hardships. I believe that there was a political struggle between the two groups, but that Great Britain and the American colonies used economics as a chance to show how much control they had. Multiple Acts written by Parliament, the colonies Committees of Correspondence and Continental Congress created political friction between Great Britain and the American colonies. One example of the power struggle was theRead MoreProject Governance1193 Words   |  5 PagesProject governance is the management framework within which project decisions are made. Project governance is a critical element of any project since while the accountabilities and responsibilities associated with an organisation’s business as usual activities are laid down in their organisational governance arrangements, seldom does an equivalent framework exist to govern the development of project’s capital investments ( Sharma, Stone and Ekinci 2009 ). Project Governance extends the principle

American Violet Critical Analysis - 1820 Words

â€Å"American Violet† Critical Analysis Ashley ReBarker SOCI 3025 Dr. Sitawa Kimuna The â€Å"American Violet† sparks up a lot of issues that we see today in our society. These issues are very important as they deal with equality among our citizens but they may often be overlooked. The issue I am going to discuss in this critical analysis is Racial Prejudice in the Criminal Justice System. Racial prejudice happens every day and may never completely end, but one would think that it would not take place in a professional, uniform place such as the Criminal Justice System. After watching this movie, I have been taken back by the actions of the people in charge of this system. The 14th Amendment states that â€Å" no state shall make or enforce any†¦show more content†¦Drug laws target people of color, push them to take the plea bargain and be forever labeled a convicted felon, and are left to live a life with fewer chances and opportunities as the white people. In my opinion, this central idea sums up what the goal was of the Criminal Justice System discussed in this movie. It was stated in the movie, â€Å"An African American man has a better chance of being charged with a crime than graduating college.† But is it because a black man actually commits more crimes than a white man or is it because a black man is monitored/targeted more? The U.S has a history of racial injustice that centuries later we have yet to break free from. While we have laws that provide equal opportunity we are still lacking a completely equal criminal justice system. The Racial Justice Program helps to protect these victims by enacting lawsuits in state and federal courts all over the country. These lawsuits help to bring more equality to these communities of color. According to ACLU, the color of someone’s skin plays a crucial role in the decision on whether who deserves the death penalty in America. Since 1976, 43% of all executions have been a person of color. Of those currently awaiting execution, blacks account for 55% (American Civi l Liberties Union, 2014). These statisticsShow MoreRelatedJazz Influence On Jazz1469 Words   |  6 Pageshas been a part of a proud African American tradition for over 100 years. A robust, rhythmic under-structure, blue notes, solos, â€Å"call-and response† patterns, and improvisation of melody all characterize jazz music.† In Jà ¼rgen Grandt’s analysis, he states that in order to use jazz to look at African American literature, the critical model must â€Å"avail itself not only of the structural characteristics of the music, but also of the history of the African American musicians who invented, shaped, andRead MoreA Good Man Is Hard to Find OConner Essay example1745 Words   |  7 PagesOConners Analysis: A Good Man is Hard To Find A Displaced Person Through her assortment of unpalatable characters and violent actions, OConnor tries to show grace at work in the world. 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When it comes to the symbolic language in literature, critics use archetypal Polanco 3 patterns in order to decode the meaning. The analysis of Archetypal Patterns was developed by Michael Conforti, who thoroughly researched Jung’s psychology. Archetypal patterns include the evaluation of character typesRead More The Political, Feminist, and Religious view of Frances E.W. Harper, Phllis Wheatley, and Alice Dunbar-Nelson2661 Words   |  11 Pagesauthors whose works have remained influential throughout time. Feminism, politics, and religion are three aspects evident in their personal lives an d literature. Wheatley was considered a feminist icon because she was the first published African American female poet. However, her writing did not deal with feminist issues, rather, they focussed on religious and political themes. Unlike Wheatley, Harpers femi nist views are incorporated into her work. She uses religion as a method to express her politicalRead MoreThe Different Types Of Mental Illness And Disorders That Are Linked With Violence Essay1801 Words   |  8 Pagesfeelings, or behavior (or all three) and that causes the individual distress and difficulty in functioning’ (Mental health foundation of Victoria). Psychiatrists often refer to the ‘Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders published by the American Psychiatric Press’(Association 2013). This lists known and recognized mental disorders, with breakdowns and descriptions on depression, schizophrenia-like problems, substance abuse and dependency, and childhood disorders to name a few. This has al lowedRead MoreTennessee Williams: His Life in quot;Suddenly Last Summerquot; and quot;The Glass Menageriequot;2784 Words   |  12 Pagesthe playwright as a memory play; indeed, it is a memory of the authors own youth, an expression of his own life and experiences. Similarly, Suddenly Last Summer includes many of Tennesse Williams real life details. First and foremost, this analysis is going to be focused on the families of both plays since these families are undoubtedly connected, particularly the Wingfield family, with Tennesse Willimas family. Thus, in The Glass Menagerie, Tennesse Williams is writing about his absentRead MorePoems: City Planners15330 Words   |  62 Pages amnesia, hypnosis’, which suggests control, numbness. Like Atwood’s poem, the second half of Cheng’s poem shifts into violent imagery: ‘hurt’ ‘bleed’ and ‘stain’ - to show that this ‘gleaming’ vision, when imposed by force, hurts. STRUCTURAL Analysis THEME - IMAGERY - LANGUAGE TECHNIQUES Atwood uses an irregular structure, which gives the effect that ideas, and flow, are forcibly cut short, as where she breaks the sentence ‘what offends us is / the sanities’. Cleanliness here seems almost antisepticRead MoreChallenges in Recruitment and Selection Practices4510 Words   |  19 Pagesorganizations if better qualified and highly motivated but young people are promoted to higher levels of responsibility. Palmer, (1997) argues that the government after establishing the necessary frame work for the management of strategic organization, violets the same rule it has made to regulate social relations at work sometimes through irregular employment, and also through political interference from political office holders, thus quota system as instrument of employment is questionable as it sometimes

Ergonomic Design Classroom Bench free essay sample

Though ours is the Industrial Engineering Department, we have to strive hard to get the concept accepted by the management, as there exists resistance for any change. The students of the Third Year Engineering class collected Anthropometric data over the last four years. This data was statistically analyzed to get various percentile figures for Indian 15-25 year population. Based upon this data we have designed the bench, which we are in the process of getting fabricated in the near future. Results: It is expected that the new bench design will provide considerable comfort to the students. Ergonomic Product Design: Classroom Bench Author: Prof. Shriram M. Sane Co-author: Ms. Varsha Karandikar, Paarth Savale, Industrial and Production Engineering Department, Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, 666, Upper Indira Nagar, Bibwewadi, Pune 411037. Introduction: The primary motive of Ergonomics is to provide comfortable and stress free working environment. Ergonomics has wide spread applications in almost every aspect of our surroundings, ranging from offices, factories, educational facilities to everyday domestic actions, sports and other recreational activities. We will write a custom essay sample on Ergonomic Design Classroom Bench or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Poor ergonomic designs often lead to contemporary plagues such as spinal ailments, carpel tunnel syndrome, back and neck pain, general fatigue, strained eyes and repetitive strain injuries. Unless a conscious effort is made by us to address the issues related to ineffective ergonomic designs, it will continue to result in increased medical costs and loss of productivity. †¢ In today’s educational environment a student is required to sit on benches for at least four to six hours per day. In the present scenario we observe very poor bench design from the ergonomic point of view. Long seating hours in these improperly designed benches may cause health problems in the younger generation hampering their other physical activities. It is also observed that due to improper design of this bench, there is wastage of space as well as material. Methodology: i. Anthropometrical data of students and their associates was collected by batches of three consecutive years (2001-2004) of the students. ii. The various number of data points were gradually increased over the period of the collection. Each student was required to collect data of a minimum of 10 other people besides him/herself. ii. The entire data of all the years was assimilated in order to create a combined database of anthropometrical data sorted according to age, gender, regionalism, etc iv. The data is further utilized for the design of various ergonomically viable items. Based on the data collected, we have proposed an ergonomically designed bench. In the current educational scenario the classroom bench is a crucial component of a healthy working environment. Disadvantages of Existing Bench Design: The existing bench design have been in use for the last decade or so. Yet these designs have never been modified in order to comply with ergonomic requirements. Contrary to popular belief, sitting, which most people believe is relaxing, is in fact a hard task for the back and the legs. Sitting for long periods of time can cause increased pressure on the intervertebral discs. Listed below are a few of the common ailments observed: ? The space between the tabletop and the backrest is very large. This requires the students to shift forward and lean forward while writing or move the arm away from the body. The backrest is completely vertical and is therefore extremely taxing on the back. The backrest also does not provide complete support for the back and lumber area. It also does not support the natural curvature of the back. ? The width of the bench-top is not sufficient to support the forearm properly while writing. This suspended position of the forearm induces fatigue. Despite of the length of the tabletop, it does not provide suitable space for stati onary. ? It was observed that the students rest their feet on the cross bar provided in the front rather than on the floor.

The Colonies Of The Late 1600s And The Early 1700s Were Formed Becau E

The colonies of the late 1600's and the early 1700's were formed because in England many people were being persecuted because of their religious beliefs. So to get away from the persecution, the people of England wanted to go to a place where everything seemed perfect( because that's what the advertising for America was saying). Where they wouldn't be forced to do or not do(religious celebrations) they didn't want to. So they came to America and settled in the colonies. The Native Americans who had already been there were curious and scared of these new people coming in there land. So at first they didn't know what to do. The Indians being the great people they were helped the colonist out in the new land. They showed them easier and more efficient ways of getting things done. Plus the colonist had indentured slaves so they hardly had to work, it was mostly the Indians. this helped the inexperienced colonists out, making their adjustment to the new world simpler. Basically the coloni st had it made. They asked questions and the Indians answered them. So the better things got the more people came over. So the Indians being the huge help, were inviting them over. So they were thanked by being exiled out. So the colonies began to grow and more colonies started to form. Meaning more an more space was beginning to disappear in the mass ship loads of people coming over. More and more people, less and less land and the original landowners( the Native Americans), were losing their property fast. So eventually they were pushed out into the west until now, there are only a few tribes left. Being the Situation, the social reason is they are losing out of, or lost, the Native Americans cultures and customs, and that would be a major loss. America today was known as a melting pot because we carry so many cultures and customs and mix them together , Would it be right to push one out which is what we almost did to the Indians. The native American culture is very important or should be to America and it's future. The Economical reason is colonist couldn't trade with them or sell to them. The political reason is they( the colonist) wouldn't be able to see their views or insight to help make America better. A situation like this but not in exact form is the way African Americans were treated in the early 1800's. This time the colonist took people from their land( the Africans) instead of taking the land from the people(the Natives). Colonist in America wanted the slaves working for them or gone. Just like the Indians, if they weren't with them ( working for them) they were against them or fighting them. Which both groups did but in different ways. The Indians sometimes bought the battle on themselves or asked for one, the African Americans tried at all cost to avoid it. African Americans just tried resistance, which did not work all the time. n these situations both the groups were forced from their original habitats into new places which must have been a struggle for each group to adapt to, One which still is going on in America today, considering Native Americans make up 3 percent of the US population and African Americans making up 9 percent. These types of exile cannot be repeated for the obvious reasons.