Internet Does Harm Than Good

The Internet is a web that connects all the computers in the world. It's a good way to connect with people; without the internet people can lose their connections. For me the internet doesn't bring any harm to the world. In contrary with it the people move much faster in every way. Instead i think that is the people that use it are the ones that bring harm to the world . Not only the people but the way they use it. People bring cyber bullying, murders, verbal harm and more to the Internet.In my school there was a case of cyber bullying were one person did an account on facebook; this person put a random name and started insulting people. My grade started to be more away from each other; there were more little groups of people than before. This shows how via the Internet a person broke the unity of a group of people. I do believe The Internet brings more harm than good. There are a lot of people connecting but there is also millions of cases of people being harmed on the Internet. )Th e Internet's definition by wikipedia is a â€Å"network of networks†. The Internet has brought a lot of good points, but as with any tool, I would like to add that misuse has made the Internet bad. Remember, the Internet is a useful tool, but all that glitters is not gold. Firstly, the Internet is a place which is NOT safe for children. This is basically because of threats of pop-ups, pornography and scams that can trick the child. The Internet is not only an unsafe place for children, but also a bad influence to young teenagers.Pornography from the Internet is leading to the rise of a society of perverts, paedophiles and freaks, who are unable to contain their sexual desires. The number of rape cases this year in Malaysia alone has shocked officials and even the Prime Minister. Teenagers are the group targeted by the Internet. 28% of teenagers globally watch pornography. This might be a minority of people, but the way Internet has affected us in such a way is shocking. The b ad effect on the younger generation, our future leaders, is undeniable.Do keep in mind that the presence of â€Å"net-nannies† and safesearch programs does not deter our children as 20% of the so called â€Å"bad† side of the Internet is overlooked by safesearch programs. However, 10% of non-harmful content such as â€Å"breast cancer† on the internet is filtered by the safesearches used to deter pornography. 3)Harm – Visiting inappropriate site. – Involved with E-Bullying. – Privacy is being compromised by the ever increasing storage of personal data on servers. – The Internet can be used for crime as well as legal activities.

A Study of Aesthetics in the Call of Duty Franchise

Different but the Same: An Analysis of Aesthetics in the Call of Duty Franchise First Person Shooters (FPS) is one of the most famous genres within the gaming industry. It started with titles like Doom, Counter Strike, and now Call of Duty. Nowadays, console and PC gaming is a billion dollar industry. Multiple corporate and independent developers are working day in and day out to supply the market with better, bigger games. However, there are some titles which stand out from the rest, titles that always seem to be churning out one more instalment.One of these stand-out titles is the Call of Duty Franchise. Call of Duty is a series of games that at present, have nine main instalments, and another nine â€Å"lesser† titles to which the only difference is the console on which they are played. By â€Å"main† instalment, this means that the game was released on multiple platforms, which primarily includes PC, Playstation and the Xbox. It all started in October 29, 2003 with the release of Call of Duty. Since then, there has been a Call of Duty release every year, with Call of Duty: Black Ops 2 being the most recent adaptation, which came out November 12, 2012.The researcher will limit the discussion to the Call of Duty franchise, on the PC platform. To be specific, the four most recent games which include: Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2, Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3, Call of Duty: Black Ops, and Call of Duty: Black Ops 2. The researcher aims to answer the question: Is Call of Duty overrated as a franchise? To answer the question, the researcher will analyze each game on eight components of aesthetics which include: Sensation, Fantasy, Narrative, Challenge, Fellowship, Discovery, Expression and Submission (Hunicke, LeBlanc and Zubek).In answering the question: â€Å"Is Call of Duty overrated as a franchise†, the researcher aims to educate both himself and his reader(s) on the importance of proper video game analysis. Nowadays, it is common to s ee a game receive a large amount of hype, such that gamers, who expected so much from a game, get disappointed and end up feeling like they wasted their money. It happened to Diablo III, where a sequel was created for the highly successful Diablo II, twelve years after it was released. Many gamers ended up disappointed with Diablo III, where changes to the core aesthetics of the game changed the way the game was going to be layed. These kinds of mistakes by the game industry, although excusable, could have been avoided. Likewise, the researcher will use Call of Duty as an example for this method for proper video game analysis. Hopefully, this will shed light on the matter, allowing both gamers and game developers to better understand the manner by which games should be measured. By analyzing on the different components of aesthetics, it would be plausible to define the franchise as â€Å"overrated† if they do not significantly improve in any one aspect and at the same time, d eliver the same kind of performance in each instalment.Before going into the full â€Å"meat† of the analysis, the researcher would like to delve a little into the components of Aesthetics that will be used in the analysis later on. The researcher wishes to stress that most of the analysis on each aesthetic is based on his opinions, based on the fact that he is a dedicated gamer himself. The nature of the analysis of game design using the MDA format is that it considers both the perspectives of the game developer and the player. A key concept of MDA is that the developer and player perceive the game through opposite ends of the spectrum (Portnow).The player would first experience the aesthetics of the game, the general reason that they are playing it. The developer on the other hand, due to the nature of his work, sees the mechanics of the game, and how they influence the dynamics, and eventually the aesthetics. In understanding the definition of these mechanics, dynamics, an d aesthetics, it could be said that a game is overrated when it may be different in mechanics but deliver the same performance in aesthetics. The First Aesthetic: Game as Sense PleasureThe first aesthetic is defined as the game’s ability to stimulate the senses (Portnow). Be it sight, sound, touch, taste, or smell, as long as the game is able to stimulate the senses of the player, this could be considered an aesthetic. For Call of Duty, the senses that are (if at all) stimulated are sight and sound. As a breakdown of sight, the most important parts is the gun itself, the enemies and the â€Å"set† or location. A breakdown of sound would be the general tone, and sound effects. For all four instalments of the game included in the research, the graphics were generally the same.Advances in technology, greater processing power of consoles as well as computers allowed game developers to create richer, more detailed and crisp visuals for the game. However with this in mind, t he modelling and texture of Black Ops 2 with respect to Modern Warfare 2 is significant. However, visuals are much more than the quality of the image, and have more to do with content. Content wise, there is no difference. The gun itself and other equipment are the same. Why? Because they use guns that actually exist in real life, which means that there is no deviation in model and texture.Since all four instalments are set in around the same time frame, the guns present inside are the same. The enemies inside do not differ as well. Generally speaking, enemies are dressed up to characterize them. This is obvious, but this also means that most enemies will be the same. For example, there are multiple instances resent in all four games that require the player to kill people from the middle-east. Scarves, light clothing and the trademark AK47 have become the definition of the terrorist. Sound, also does not differ since it is highly unlikely for the â€Å"sound† of a certain gun to change, because they are based on real-life guns.In multiplayer, the element of music is not as present as in the single player option. In the single player, key plot points and tense moments are always supported by a musical score, and this helps to set the mood. Be it the sad death of an ally or the intense run-and-gun moments, there is the right music for the right time. This would be a reason for a gamer to enjoy the game, but it is hardly different from one instalment to another. Therefore, Call of Duty does not change in this aesthetic. This is in fact due to the basis on real-life elements which actually help the game perform in the next aesthetic.The Second Aesthetic: Game as Make-Believe The paper on MDA defines the second aesthetic as fantasy. That is, the ability of the game to immerse the player in a role that normally he/she would not be able to partake in (Portnow). Call of Duty excels in their performance under this aesthetic. The paper on MDA explains that good g ames would be able to deliver on maybe one or two â€Å"core aesthetics† while great games deliver on three or four. These â€Å"core aesthetics† can also be defined as the primary emotive reasons that a player would want to play a certain game. Fantasy, is one of those core aesthetics when it comes to Call of Duty.Whether it’s being a marine, being a stone-cold killer or a patriot, there is a role that the player is immersed in, and the experience is fed to them in pieces during the experience of play. How this changes from game to game, is another matter altogether. Call of Duty excels in the immersive aspect of play, because of the authenticity of the places, and items inside the â€Å"Call of Duty Universe† and because that the first person point-of-view. Call of Duty Modern Warfare 2 in itself is already very good at this immersive aspect, and the experience does not really change from one instalment to another.The game itself, and the developers of the game, seem to have found the magic formula for the immersive aspect. Some would argue that better graphics are part of the immersive aspect. Things that break the immersive aspect are things like bugs, or errors in shading. These break the player away from the experience, and remind him/her that they are only playing a game. In the opinion of the researcher, this is not true. Games predating Call of Duty prove that good graphics does not equal a complete immersive experience. They may help, but it is not the most important thing.Games like Counter Strike, Half Life, Halo, and even some Doom games manage to immerse the player in another role without â€Å"life-like† graphics. In terms of the second aesthetic, Call of Duty shines. Even in the multiplayer where the immersive aspect is not as great (due to the lack of context), the game play alone is enough to make the player feel like a soldier surrounded by enemies, armed only with his gun, and his skill. All in all, the ex perience remains the same. But since it has been said that graphics help marginally to improve it, each game could still be said to have been better than the last, even if it is just by millimetres.The Third Aesthetic: Game as Drama The third aesthetic is narrative. This means that the player is playing the game for the story. In the terms of Call of Duty this means one thing: the single player. Plot wise, the stories of all four instalments covered in this research are practically the same. A soldier is taken out of the â€Å"regular army† to join an elite, top secret team to undergo a save-the-world mission, against an extremist, usually Russian, or Middle-Eastern. That being said, narrative is not one of the core aesthetics of the Call of Duty franchise.However, it is interesting to say that narrative may be one of the reasons for the game developers to create another instalment. Just like movies, the story where the previous game left of, is picked up by the next game. Th e plot in itself is not great, however anyone who played the previous game could be interested in knowing how the story progresses. The narrative in the first three games, Modern Warfare 2, Modern Warfare 3, and Black Ops are player driven. In the game itself, the story will not progress until the player decides to move forward. Also, the game is linear and lacks depth.The player is given the â€Å"illusion of choice† through the tactical action of moment-to-moment decision, however in the end he/she has to kill their enemy to progress. Therefore, the player’s role as the main character is not to â€Å"make decisions† but to â€Å"stay alive†. This in my opinion can get old fast. A person who played Modern Warfare 2 and will play Modern Warfare 3 will know all they need to know, and have seen almost some variation of every part of the campaign. This however, changes in Black Ops 2. The campaign in Black Ops 2 is different from the first three games, and i s significantly better for doing so.Although still not having the â€Å"freedom of total choice† there are still moments in the game, subtle and otherwise, where the player is given the chance to change the plot. To go above ground or below, whether to spare a life or not, these are some of the examples of choice that the player will experience, and will feel a greater depth than ever found in the first three games. Having made an actual choice, a contribution to the plot, the player is excited to play on, anxious to see how his actions impacted the greater scheme of things. When it comes to narrative, the last game is improved significantly.The possibility of choice for the player is no small thing. With choice, came the aspect of â€Å"multiple endings†. In each ending, the player sees how he/she affected the world, and is given an overview of everything that has happened during the campaign. For this aesthetic, Black Ops 2 showed greater depth, and was better for do ing so. The Fourth Aesthetic: Game as Obstacle Course The fourth aesthetic is challenge. From the nature of the genre, First-Person Shooter, to the setting of the game, which are the Cold War and a fictional World War 3, it is obvious that the fourth aesthetic is a core aesthetic of the game.For the analysis of the fourth aesthetic, the researcher will divide the game into two categories: Single player and Multiplayer. This is because that the â€Å"enemy† of both is different, and highly changes the dynamic of play. First, the Single Player, where there is a focus on the one against many. The computer does not use tactically superior moves, but focuses on overwhelming the player with numbers. The â€Å"bad guys† hide in obviously tactical positions: behind the counter, around the corner, against the wall, always facing the player.This creates an obstacle course that the player has to go through, and although is a challenge, can get monotonous and repetitive. In the mu ltiplayer, there is more depth. Since other players online differ from one another, use different weapons and different tactics, this creates a dynamic that the player will require more skill to follow. The multiplayer in Call of Duty did not change much from game to game, if only in mechanics. In this way, it could be said that although challenge is a core aesthetic to the franchise, Call of Duty has already found its niche and no longer needs to change a large aspect of it.However it is still no progress, on the part of the developer. Insight would say that the challenge comes from the other players, and it would be logical to buy the new game if everyone is going to be playing it too. That being said, this is a special aesthetic where the game developer is not the one responsible for challenge, the player is. The Fifth Aesthetic: Game as Social Framework The fifth aesthetic, fellowship, is any game that allows the player to work cooperatively with others (Portnow). In the Call of Duty franchise, this is present in both the single and multiplayer.In the single player, the player is in a sense, part of the team. He/she may even form a connection toward other members, especially when the main character they are playing as holds them in high regard. The pair of Alex Mason and Frank Woods from the Black Ops series is comparable to a Han Solo and Chewbacca, and the player will cherish that bond. It is worth mentioning that the voice acting in Call of Duty is some of the best voice acting in the gaming industry, and this helps the player humanize the fictional characters in-game.In the multiplayer, as a flip side of the aesthetic challenge, bonds are formed in between team mates. Team work is always required for objective-based play, and for people with a good enough gaming set, people in game can talk to each other over the net. The players who experience this aesthetic most are people who enter the game as a group, and have friends with them to share the experie nce in. In this aspect, the game developer does not control much of it, and the players are responsible. For example, why would a person play Modern Warfare 3 when all of his/her friends are playing Black Ops 2?His/her friends are reason enough to but the new game. The Sixth Aesthetic: Game as Uncharted Territory The sixth aesthetic is discovery. Any player who plays the game to see what was previously unknown is a player who plays for discovery (Portnow). Again, this can be divided into the single and multiplayer, as the aspect of discovery is different for both. For the single player, discovery is not a large role to play. There aren’t many things to â€Å"unearth† and most things about the narrative are given to the player as a reward for beating the previous mission. This is true for the first three games, until Black Ops 2.With multiple endings, as well as the option to reset the story to a particular mission, the player was left with some sort of replay value: th e option to discover the alternate endings. This forced the player to do things differently to achieve them, and offered more depth. In the multiplayer, discovery comes through the form of a levelling system. Higher level players can use more things, and has access to more powerful guns and equipment. This made it so that the multiplayer experience was more of a journey than an arena, and kept the players interested longer.In a way, the multiplayer did not change from game to game. However, there is a significant improvement on the part of the single player in Black Ops 2. The Seventh Aesthetic: Game as Self-Discovery The seventh aesthetic is defined as expression, or the ability of the players to express themselves through the game. In Call of Duty, this is limited to the multiplayer. In the single player, the player is thrust into the shoes of a fictional character and therefore does not express himself. Expression in the multiplayer however, comes from the â€Å"Create your own Class† system. In other words, load out.The player gets to choose the primary weapon, secondary, as well as buffs to their character by way of â€Å"perks†. Whether the player is the run-and-gun type, or the silent sniper, these are all forms of expression. In terms of expression as an aesthetic, the game itself does not improve. Expression is something that is player driven, and can only be helped by more options for customization. As this game does not offer more customization from game to game, it could be said that it did not improve. The Eighth Aesthetic: Game as Past-time The eight aesthetic is called submission.This means that the player plays the game as a way to tune-out; much like reading a book or watching TV does (Portnow). It is difficult for the researcher to judge games on this aesthetic, seeing as the developers have no way to control this. People playing Black Ops 2 now, played Modern Warfare 2 before, and played Counter Strike even before that. Older g amers would be able to relate more games to their experience, and the researcher is speaking out of his own experience from playing first person shooters. Interestingly enough, the eighth aesthetic is aided not by the difference in games, but the similarity of them.People who have been playing the FPS as a genre for a long time would be able to enjoy this aesthetic more when the new games holds more similarities to old ones. In this way, developers are aiding their players by keeping the game relatively standard. In this, the game could be said to be the same for all four instalments, and does not improve. Of the eight aesthetics discussed, six are actually controlled by the developer. Of those six, the franchise as a whole has been seen to improve in three. That is half of those supposedly developer-induced aesthetics. Because of this, the game is judged to be not over rated.Small or big, there have been changes to the franchise with respect to the last four instalments with regard to the aesthetics. Whether these changes actually merit the game being â€Å"worthy† of being purchased, is in the opinion of the buyer. But as said before, there are another two aesthetics which are not developer-controlled. Which are the fourth and fifth. The players aid each other in these aesthetics by playing the game itself, and people seeking competition must go where competition lies. However, as said before, these games at most times changed marginally, and whether this deserves a $60 price tag is the player’s choice.As a researcher, the game is sound, and it is apparent that a lot of work went into the creation of these games. As a gamer, the researcher must implore other gamers to demand quality from their games. We as a culture, a society who enjoys this form of media have to be specific with what we want from the game developers. Do some small, arbitrary changes to the system deserve our money? If the next game is really the previous one with better graph ics, we should think about where we put our money and whether these games are worth buying. To conclude, Black Ops 2 picks up the slack of where the first three left off.Individually, these games deserve their standing, since all of them perform excellently in at least 4, maybe 5 aesthetics. As a whole, the franchise has found its niche. People are inherently intelligent, and will only buy when the price is right. It is the responsibility of the developers to improve, however their greatest responsibility will always be to satisfy the needs of the customers. Bibliography Ahearn, Nate. â€Å"Call of Duty: Black Ops Review. † 9 November 2010. IGN. 10 January 2013. Bozon, Mark. â€Å"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 Review. † 10 November 2009. IGN. 0 January 2013. Gallegos, Anthony. â€Å"CALL OF DUTY: BLACK OPS 2 REVIEW. † 13 November 2012. IGN. 10 January 2013. —. â€Å"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 Review. † 8 November 2011. IGN. 10 January 2013. Hu nicke, Robin, Marc LeBlanc and Robert Zubek. â€Å"MDA: A Formal Approach to Game Design and Game Research. † 2004. 3 January 2013. . Portnow, James. â€Å"Extra Credits: Aesthetics of Play. † 17 October 2012. Extra Credits. 3 January 2013. Ryckert, Dan. â€Å"Call of Duty: Black Ops II. † 13 November 2012. gameinformer. 10 January 2013. Sicart, Miguel. â€Å"Defining Game Mechanics. † December

A Person Who Had Made a Difference in My Life Essay

Everyone go through their life and meeting new people every day. Sometimes there are some people who play an important role in our life which had made a biggest impact in our life. Fortunately, I met that person, Miss Stephanie. She is my form teacher when I was in Form One. I was a very naughty and bullheaded girl when I was in Form One. All teachers treated me so bad because they thought I would influence other good students. They often listed me in blacklist which all the bad students’ names were in it. I played truant and fought a lot with all those blacklisted friends when I was in school because birds of a feather flock together. My father and mother were so busy with their works so they did not have time to watch me out. There was no one who cared about me. I had freedom and I had a lot of pocket money which most of the child needed. I thought all those things were enough for me and I did not need to study. But someday, the person who changed my life appeared. That day, I was sleeping on the table. I felt people patted my shoulder. I woke and I saw a stranger who was young and blonde standing in front of me. She was Miss Stephanie, our new English teacher who was also our form teacher. She started paid attention to me and when I played trunk she would advise me and tell my parents to pay attention to me. However, my father and mother did not care about it and they still worked day and night. I started dislike Miss Stephanie because she was so annoying because she even came to my house someday when I did not go to school. Someday, my friend invited me to a shopping Centre and wanted me to join him for stealing. I took the challenge and we went into shop and started our plan. When we finished our plan, we went out from the shop immediately. Unfortunately, my friend’s dropped the things he stole. The shopkeeper looked at us and my friend accused me for stealing the things. I was in the daze and speechless. The shopkeeper started to scold me and wanted to call the police. Suddenly, Miss Stephanie appeared and told the truth to the shopkeeper. However, Miss Stephanie told the shopkeeper not to call the police. I was so grateful that she had helped us. After that, she scolded us for stealing things with a gentle tone. We promised her not to do it again and would listen to her advice after this. I started went to school and study hard. She taught me study every day after school patiently. Obviously I passed my test with flying colours. Besides, she also came to my house and advice my parents to be more concerned about me. She was like my second mother who taught me how to be a good girl and what should do and what should not do. Now, I become a girl who is so much better than before. My results improve a lot and now I become a useful person who can help a lame dog over a stile. Without Miss Stephanie, I think I would not become a person who I am now. I was so thankful that I could meet her. Although now she is no longer to be with me but I will always remember this person who had made a difference in my life.

Linguistics Course Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Linguistics Course Work - Essay Example Hudson (2000) points out that the use of anaphora is also influenced by the nature of the topic and the context of the discussion. In this perspective, the use of anaphora can also be utilized as a means of determining the nature and purpose of the conversation or discourse In the example given, anaphoras are used through the repetitive use of the same words or reference to bind the discourse by local syntactic operation (Napoli, 2003). The most dominant anaphora used in the exchange is with the use of pronouns. The car is referred to as it by both the husband in the 1st and 3rd dialogue and by the wife in the 2nd dialogue. Other anaphora used in the discourse include the one in the 4th dialogue, "up at the crack of dawn, and not home till mid-evening", where VP-ellipsis is used by the wife. As was seen in the example, language is not just a simple exchange but also involves a system that is as rich in meaning and value as the conversation itself. John Langshaw Austin, the author of the Speech Act Theory, is one of the linguists that supported the study of the manner by which words are used to derive meaning of discourses. ... Akmajian (2001) says that through the use of syntactical features, the participants in a discourse are able to maintain the context of their conversation allowing the consistency of thoughts and ideas. Some examples of syntactical features that are commonly used are anaphoric, cataphoric and deictic elements. It can also be achieved through logical tense structures, presuppositions and implications connected to general world knowledge. Anaphors and Cohesion The use of anaphora may vary according to the familiarity of the speakers to the subject and too each other. Hudson (2000) points out that the use of anaphora is also influenced by the nature of the topic and the context of the discussion. In this perspective, the use of anaphora can also be utilized as a means of determining the nature and purpose of the conversation or discourse In the example given, anaphoras are used through the repetitive use of the same words or reference to bind the discourse by local syntactic operation (Napoli, 2003). The most dominant anaphora used in the exchange is with the use of pronouns. The car is referred to as it by both the husband in the 1st and 3rd dialogue and by the wife in the 2nd dialogue. Other anaphora used in the discourse include the one in the 4th dialogue, "up at the crack of dawn, and not home till mid-evening", where VP-ellipsis is used by the wife. Austin and Grice As was seen in the example, language is not just a simple exchange but also involves a system that is as rich in meaning and value as the conversation itself. John Langshaw Austin, the author of the Speech Act Theory, is one of the linguists that supported the study of the manner by which words are used to derive meaning of discourses. His assumptions were based

Combating Compassion Fatigue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Combating Compassion Fatigue - Essay Example Therefore, compassion fatigue is characterized by extraneous stress resulting from poor working condition of the caregiver. Most psychologists from the United States clarify that new recruits in nursing often find themselves in similar situations even before they are fully absorbed in the profession (Ekedahl & Wengstrà ¶m, 2008). Regardless of whatever signs a patient may exhibit, symptom of compassion fatigue translates into stress after, which other negative signs accompanied by physical changes become visible (Bush, 2009). While most of the symptoms associated with the above condition can be controlled, there is no magic that compassion fatigue can be dealt with completely. Some of the most usual signs of compassion fatigue include the following: Exhaustion - Most caregivers may feel exhausted at the beginning of the day even before they commence working on their duties thus entertaining a lot of laxities even after having spent a week of relaxation, they would still feel physical weary (Bush, 2009). Increased consumption of alcohol - It has been pointed out that the working day long full of stress, some nurses do resort to engaging into alcohol consumption to unwound stress that they have encountered after a hard day engagements with the patients. However, increases resilience on alcohol will not generate anything constructive instead leads to irritability and loss of money (Bush, 2009). Inability to make a personal decision - It has also been identified that caregivers who are undergoing compassion fatigue situation often feel a sense of incompetency to make a personal decision. Some nurses who are extremely stressed would get to an extent of doubting their clinical competencies. Others would go to the extent of consulting on a simple issue that could have otherwise been solved without engaging another party (Bush, 2009). Depersonalization - People who are associated with compassion fatigue-disorder tend to distance

Key Legislation and the Participants Who Have Launched the Polar Bear Term Paper

Key Legislation and the Participants Who Have Launched the Polar Bear Protection Campaign - Term Paper Example The flexibility of ESA IV. Negative sides A. ESA not absolutely effective in curbing the global warming B. Hard to get the connection between melting ice caps and the greenhouse gas C. ESA the costs of regulating greenhouse gases are high V. My stance and rationale for why you support or oppose the project. A. Kyoto protocol will be of great importance in curbing the global warming B.1973 international agreement will result to increase of polar bears in the world. C. Amendments of the Endangered Species Act widen its implications ? ­ Introduction In the contemporary world, global warming has not only jeopardized the health of individuals but also it has significantly affected the living condition of the animals especially those residing in oceans, seas and on the ice. Earlier on, human activities were viewed as major contributors to global warming. However, due to the industrial and technological developments that have emerged in the world, carbon emissions have been the major trig ger for global warming. Despite the engagement of many countries to fend off the challenges of global warming, some countries such as US and China have not taken initiatives to join Kyoto Protocol, an agreement that is focused on mitigating carbon emissions. Major legislation that has been adopted by the US government to reduce emissions include the Clean Air Act and the Endangered Species Act (ESA). Major Players US major players in the protection of the polar bear include Natural Resources Defense Council, Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, United States Geological Survey and International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) (Laura, 2008). According to the Endangered Species Act, Fish and Wildlife Service should identify the species that are threatened or endangered before they are listed. In this way, the FWS has a clear recovery plan that is aimed at protecting the species. Some of the key factors that are considered during the identification of a threatened or endangered spe cies include the scientific use, modification, predation or diseases, curtailment as well as the ineffectiveness of the regulatory mechanisms.  

Which came first law or social change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Which came first law or social change - Essay Example (Calavita 45) discuses the factor of racial classification in the fourth chapter titled â€Å"The Color of Law† where she explains how the differences in race apply in the immigration law and racial profiling. Legal pluralism is the existence of different legal systems that operate together simultaneously. These systems operate on different levels of the society and usually they do not contradict each other in their provisions. An example of a pluralist legislative system interaction is the United States of America federal system where federal state and local laws operate together. The legal system works to come into consensus with some legal issues, the legal issues here include the death penalty, rights, and gun control, and minimum wage policies. The other form of legal pluralism accepted globally across multiple jurisdictions, which include female genital mutilation, human trafficking, and environmental provisions. (Calavita 27) on her sixth chapter talks about application of law across individuals in society, she elaborates the difference between â€Å"law on books and law in action† apply. According to her, there are laws that allow unequal treatment of individuals in society. The law in this instance does not discriminate on race, sex nor class but its resulting action in the application due to its structure. Discrimination in this case becomes evident in the application of the law in a way that it favors the privileged at the cost of the disadvantaged. The courts in their decisions make them in a way to favor the haves. There is also sexual discrimination where the system favors men, and the women marginalized. Political and class biases are evident. (Calavita 88) Legal pluralism exposes the tension between the law and society. When individual across the boundaries and the law applicable contradicts with the current law or law to be applied seen to be

19TH Century Industrial Tycoons Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

19TH Century Industrial Tycoons - Assignment Example ng a Robber Baron is a term that was used in the 19th century to refer to businessmen who used exploitation as a means of acquiring their wealth (Josephson, 2010). Rockfeller was known as the first man to become a millionaire in America being termed as the richest man in the world then. Anyone would have thought that he came from a well up family considering the immense wealth he had accumulated. But contrary to this Rockfeller came from a humble beginning in a small town in New York (McNeese, 2009). Despite the great inspiration he offers as a persistent man in his journey to the top, Rockfeller’s reputation is seen as that of a Robber baron. This is so because of the crude ways he used to drive his business way up to the top. The fact that he created a monopoly in the oil business by eliminating his other competitors in the field confirms my opinion that Rockfeller was a greedy man thirsting for more and more money. This is clearly shown when he used to collect rebates from the railroads and hence he was in a position to sell his oil at a cheaper price in certain places (McNeese, 2009). This was a move for him to eliminate local competition by local oil dealers. Rockfeller is on another occasion demonstrated as a robber baron when he created a trust so as to bring together a multitude of oil refineries in a bid to form one big oil refining company (McNeese, 2009). This I believe was in an attempt to strain the competition by merging all the smaller oil refiners in to one big corporation which he owned. By paying small wages to his workers despite the millions that he was making from his oil business, is a move I see as unfair. This is because his business was making huge profits to be able to pay the best wages that the industry deserved. The fact he controlled the rail corporation gave Rockfeller an upper hand over other oil companies. This is why he used intimidation to those who failed to supply the oil to his company demonstrating how dubious his means

Nationalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Nationalization - Essay Example Nationalization also occurs if there is a change in government and the political ideology of the government demands a dramatic change in the country’s economic policy. Many times nationalization has been used to promote industries in the country which cannot be made dependent on foreign companies as they cater directly to the people. For example, after Independence from British rule India nationalized its steel industries although it took help from Russia to build steel plant in Rourkela and Bhilai. The most important reason of foreign intervention is the geopolitical and economic interests of powerful states. The interventions don’t necessarily have to be of military nature. Economic sanction is a weapon often used to punish the country for being too closed for foreign companies. Recently U.K. has imposed economic sanctions on Iran because of its nuclear programs. Other countries are to follow soon. Another case of geopolitical interests is Iraq where the allied forces invaded on the pretext of Weapons of Mass Destruction. But even after the Hans Blix’s report on absence of WMDs, the allied forces continued their operations. Many people argue that the main reason behind the invasion was oil. In a similar manner corporate interests influence foreign policies of a country. China has been very interfering in the internal matters of its neighboring country Nepal because of the corporate interests. Nepalese market is flooded with Chinese goods. Corporate interests may not lead to military invasions but they certainly influence countries to adopt protectionist measures. Ideological interests in democracy are also as major factor which leads to interventions. Human welfare is also cited one of the major reasons but there is considerable debate about the authenticity of such claims. While U.S. intervention in Iraq was justified for removing

Assessing the Essence of Teh Eclectic Paradigm Essay Example for Free

Assessing the Essence of Teh Eclectic Paradigm Essay Aspects frequently highlighted include global media and telecommunications, global brands, worldwide production and integrated financial markets. At the forefront of these phenomena are Multi National Enterprises (MNEs), benefiting from the opening of markets across the globe, and from advances in computing and internet technology, which make it possible to link far-flung activities in global networks. Considering these elements, globalization can further be defined as the process of increasing and deepening interactions between individuals and organizations across the globe, facilitated by advancing communications technology and the opening of markets to trade and investment. Theories of International production have attempted to explain the convergence towards a globalised world, while addressing the different types of international expansions. These theories have focused on MNEs and Foreign Direct Investment (FDIs). FDI can be defined as investment by an organization in a business in another country, with a view to establishing production in the host country. While Raymon Vernon is known for his theory of Product life cycle, Stephen Hymer laid emphasis on the location and ownership advantages of countries, which helped in attracting FDI from MNEs. John Dunning incorporated Internalisation to the analysis of Hymer, which became known as the Eclectic Paradigm (or OLI Paradigm), one of the most comprehensive theoretical explanations with specific focus on FDI. Still the Eclectic Paradigm is being challenged in the modern globalised world, as it fails to take into account the implications of existing modes of entry of MNEs, as well as the advantages of Alliance Capitalism. It is being discussed further in this report. Theories of International production have greatly facilitated the understanding of the globalization phenomenon. Different theorists at different time intervals attempted to justify the expansion of MNEs across the globe. Hymer (1970) was the first one to propose that MNEs are institutions of international production rather than international capital movement. Still he ignored the natural imperfections attributed to transaction costs in an imperfect market. In today’s world, with the proliferation on Internet use, imperfections like bureaucratic hurdles and control of distribution systems (Bain, 1956) are absent. Even the imperfections like price determinism and information transfer are shrinking. Thus it can be argued that Hymer’s major contribution relating to the importance of structural market imperfection in determining FDI activity does not hold good for corporations, which are expanding globally through e-channels (for instance). Vernon (1966) came up with the International Product Life Cycle (IPLC) theory, which explained the locational dimension of FDI. According to him, production first starts in the home country fro local markets, and exporting is used to attain foreign markets. As the product matures and production is standardized, production moves to less developed countries to reduce labour costs. The basic assumption of the IPLC is that knowledge is not equally and universally distributed (Vernon, 1966). This assumption, however, is not applicable in today’s world, as Vernon (1979) himself admits that there is a more perfect distribution of knowledge across the globe. He argues that firms who are global scanners follow a different trend than that of the IPL approach, because such firms have the ability to effectively scan global markets for the best factor endowments. Though, a lot has been discussed and said on the theories of International production, yet none of the approaches (Hymer, Vernon, Barney) simultaneously explains the importance of resources heterogeneity, entrepreneurial competence, network governance and the rise of alliance capitalism. Thus, an overarching analytical framework is needed, that can synthesize these disparate views and account for the importance of location- based advantages and ownership advantages. Such a framework was developed by Dunning (1973; 1988; 1993) known as The Eclectic Paradigm. It is a framework that explains the growth of MNEs by bringing together disparate theories. According to Dunning, the Eclectic Paradigm is less of an alternative theory of International production and more of a framework that synthesizes the essential and common characteristics of each main theoretical explanation on the growth of MNEs. For more than two decades the Eclectic Paradigm (EP) remains a widely used general framework for studying the growth of MNCs and Dunning has also continuously revised and extended the EP to explain changing facets of MNCs. Dunning (1988) has re-stated that the EP is robust and general enough to incorporate future developments like renewed the focus on entrepreneurship and the emergence of global networks (Dunning, 1995). The Eclectic Paradigm explains that the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and growth of multinational corporations (MNCs) is linked to the extent and nature of ownership-specific advantages of the firm, the extent and nature of location bound endowments, and the extent to which markets for these advantages are best internalized by the from itself. In short, it is the configuration of these Ownership (O), Location (L) and Internalization (I) advantages that determines a firm’s international production and growth. In a somewhat updated version, Dunning (1988) describes the three essential factors for international expansion: * Ownership Advantages are unique competitive or monopolistic advantages, typically developed in the home market, that permit the firm to compete successfully in overseas markets. These factors are of two types: Asset Advantages arise from proprietary ownership of unique assets protected by structural market distortions, and Transactional advantages provide a unique capacity to capture value from the transaction benefits of owning a network of assets located in different countries. * Location factors, tied to the local foreign market, which make production in the host country preferable. These are immobile factors, such as cheaper labour, high shipping costs, local image or trade barriers, that can be combined with transferable intermediate ownership assets to generate superior products. Internalisation factors, typically related to the industry, produce transactional market failure in transferring ownership advantages to foreign markets. This also explains the naming of the EP as the OLI configuration as well. The eclectic model, then, pulled together the key elements of neo-classical theory – location, industrial organisation theory – monopolis tic advantage and internalization theory – transactional efficiency. It used this eclectic mix to produce an internally consistent, compelling and testable model of the multinational firm and its strategic processes.

National Disaster Risk Reduction Management Policies

National Disaster Risk Reduction Management Policies The Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction Management Act of 2010 (Republic Act 10121) is an act strengthening the Philippine disaster risk reduction and management system, providing for the national disaster risk reduction and management framework and institutionalizing the national disaster risk reduction and management plan. Republic Act 10121 was signed by former president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo on the 27th of May, last year after the country was hard hit by typhoon Ondoy and Pepeng leaving the country with high death toll and millions of property losses. According to the law, Republic Act 10121 will provide for the development of policies and plans and the implementation of actions and measures pertaining to all aspects of disaster risk reduction and management, including good governance, risk assessment and early warning, knowledge building and awareness raising, reducing underlying risk factors, and preparedness for effective response and early recovery. After the 8.9 magnitude earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, Senator Juan Miguel Zubiri filed Resolution No.426 asking the Senate Committee on Natural Resources and the Committee on Climate Change to determine the implementation of the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction Management Act of 2010 , which calls for the development of a comprehensive program to mitigate the effects of natural calamities. In an interview with Senator Juan Miguel Zubiri, he said, Almost a year after the enactment of Republic Act No.10121 and with the recent natural calamities happening in the Asian region and nearby countries, it is timely for Congress and our people to be informed of the status and implementation of the countrys National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan. He further said that the Japan earthquake was preceded by a destructive 6.3 magnitude earthquake in Christ-church, New Zealand, thus, there are some who raised the possibility that a powerful earthquake happening in the Philippines could not be far behind. Senator Edgardo Angara also expressed his concern over the countrys ability to address a strong earthquake and tsunami at the same time. He also said that, We are fortunate to have not been severely affected by this catastrophe which has crippled Japan, despite all their measures to safeguard the people and the infrastructure. But what if we are not so lucky next time? The Philippines is not nearly as prepared. In view of challenges and risks that disasters pose in our society, a broader and more comprehensive response to changes prevailing in the country today can be achieved through the integration of the CNE (cultural-natural-economic) Model for sustainable development. The CNE model is a single integral unity of understanding not only of economics but also of its interface with ecology and sociology. Gonzales (2005) mentioned, in his in-depth study of the CNE model, that a balance between culture and nature is life giving and life nourishing. The economic system is primarily subsistence with no monetary type of transaction of persons and communities. There is a free flow of free goods from nature than economic goods from the marker system. This phenomenon is the dependency to Common Property Resource by communities. On the other, the non dependency to Common Property Resource by communities phenomenon showed rather different approach. The life giving forces of culture and nature have been threatened by imbalances in the system of society, ecology, and economy. There is perceived contradiction between traditions, industrial interest and survival. Economic system on the other end integrates a perceived conflict between subsistence and commercial activities. Statement of the Problem Past and current studies present a narrow perspective on the relationship of National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRMM) policies to culture, nature, and to the nations economy. In the Philippine setting, few studies were directed towards such studies. The inadequacy of existing literature in the Philippines directs us to assessing the degree of integration of the CNE Model in DRMM policies. Objectives of the Study General Objective: The study aims to assess the degree of integration of the CNE Model in the DRMM policies Specific Objectives: To determine if in the current DRRM policies, mechanism are in place to protect the cultural integrity of vulnerable population groups in the event of a disaster. To determine to what extent do programs on pre-disaster preparedness, response and post-disaster recovery work under the framework of environmental sustainability? To investigate if mechanism are in place to address economic recovery during post-disaster phase. Are there policies that make local economies resilient to the effects of disaster? To what extent are these policies implemented? Has there been an assessment of economic resiliency development in response to disaster? Review of Related Literature Disasters cause great damage by disrupting the functioning of a society thus rendering the country incapable of coping through using its own resources as there is a need for outsider assistance in order to effectively preserve lives and the environment. Conversely, Natural hazards are natural phenomena that are potential threats to people within a society, structures or economic assets and may cause disaster. Natural disasters are inevitable and ubiquitous worldwide, they are chiefly present in the forms of hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, droughts, and volcanoes. The great damages caused by natural disasters may be divided into three categories: social, economic and environmental. To name a few impacts of disaster are as follows: loss of lives and homelessness, disruption of communities, employment (social impact) process of money being diverted into relief activities and reconstruction, Gross Domestic Product (economic impacts), food shortage and the contamination of water, loss of homes (social impacts) and the overall impact on the economy as well as assistance received from outsiders (economic impacts). Impacts of Disaster on Culture/Society The social consequences of natural disasters can be far larger than the immediate physical effects of the disaster. Primary damage is the destruction of buildings and roads, and it is the most obvious form of consequence from natural disasters. Secondary, or social, consequences stem from the primary. The impact of natural disasters is strongly linked with social factors; for example, 90 percent of deaths from natural disasters occur in the developing world. The most obvious devastating effect of leaving people homeless, destruction of housing can have other major long-term impacts on a society. Health issues have short- and long-term consequences. In most countries of the developing world, the health care infrastructures are already poor, so they simply cannot cope with the strain on resources that natural disasters create. Education is one of the biggest losers in a natural disaster. Lack of access to education cannot be underestimated, as it prevents children from receiving adequa te training. Political instability can last for years after a natural disaster. In the developing world, where responses to natural disasters are limited by poor infrastructure, governments are often blamed for slow action. Political instability can lead to the breakdown of law, which again severely inhibits the recovery of the local economy, in terms of domestic trade and external investment. Impacts of Disaster on Nature/Environment The impacts of disasters, whether natural or man-made, not only have societal dimensions, but environmental ones as well. Environmental conditions may exacerbate the impact of a disaster, and vice versa, disasters have an impact on the environment. Deforestation, forest management practices, agriculture systems etc. can exacerbate the negative environmental impacts of a storm or typhoon, leading to landslides, flooding, silting and ground/surface water contamination. The majority of risks and vulnerabilities that humans are facing have environmental precedence, whether natural or built environments. Human production and consumption patterns lead to environmental degradation, which results in exacerbation of natural risks and hazards. Impacts of Disaster on Economy The impacts of natural disasters have historically been devastating on economies that do not move to offset these effects. The economy of the U.S. and Japan are unique in that disaster recovery plans are set up to help offset such economic impacts. Furthermore, both economies are resilient to such shocks given the expectations of such shocks to take place. Developing countries often do not share the same luxury and cannot avoid the long term economic impacts. The impacts in question are specifically reductions in aggregate supply and demand, with lower levels of output (income), causing price deflations and higher levels of unemployment. Furthermore, the Japanese government on Wednesday estimated the direct damage from a deadly earthquake and tsunami that struck the countrys northeast this month at as much as $310 billion, making it the worlds costliest natural disaster. Tokyo said the estimate covered damage to roads, homes, factories and other infrastructure, and eclipses the losses incurred by other natural disasters such as the 1995 Kobe quake and Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Loayza et al (2011) research paper studies several such disasters in both developed and developing countries over the period 1961-2005 to determine their impact on growth. Their focus is on the impact of growth in the medium term, over five years. The researchers study four different types of natural disasters-droughts, floods, earthquakes and storms-and find that they affect economies differently. Droughts, for instance, have a negative impact on growth because they lower agricultural production, hamper the provision of raw materials for industry, and also affect electricity generation. Floods, if they do not last too long and are localized, can, however, have a positive effect on growth if they lead to higher agricultural production and greater electricity generation. But heres what the paper has to say about the effect of earthquakes: Earthquakes may have a positive impact on industrial growth. Although they severely affect both workers and capital, earthquakes particularly destro y buildings, infrastructure, and factories. The capital-worker ratio is then sharply diminished, the average (and marginal) product of capital increases, and output grows as the economy enters a cycle of reconstruction. Moreover, if destroyed capital is replaced by a vintage of better quality, factor productivity increases, leading to a further push to higher growth.Thats why most analysts (and there is no shortage of armchair analysts on natural disasters these days, they have mushroomed like radiation after a nuclear disaster) have said that while there will be a short-term negative impact on the Japanese economy, longer-term growth will be positive as reconstruction starts. Storms, on the other hand, have negative effects on agricultural growth, as crops are destroyed, but their impact on industrial growth is positive, again because of the destruction of capital, which has to be rebuilt later. The authors say that while droughts affect the greatest number of people, earthquakes c ause the most destruction. The results also depend on the severity of the natural disaster. The authors point out that while moderate earthquakes and storms can have a beneficial reconstruction effect on industrial growth, severe events are so devastating that the loss of capital cannot be compensated by increasing capacity, thus dissipating the potential gains. Overall, any potential positive effects on growth from natural disasters appear to disappear when natural disasters are extreme. And finally, the economies of developing countries are more affected by natural disasters than those of developed countries and the poor are affected the most. The study more or less confirms what is suggested by common sense. But perhaps the most worrying effect of the disaster in Japan has been the danger of radioactive leakage from nuclear plants. If this leads to a shift away from nuclear energy to oil, that could well have much more far-reaching impact, not only on the Japanese economy, but gl obally as well. Disaster Risk Reduction and Management on a Wider Perspective The International Strategy for Disaster Reduction System The International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) is a system of partnerships. These partnerships are composed of a broad range of actors, all of which have essential roles to play in supporting nations and communities to reduce disaster risk. Partners include Governments, inter-governmental and nongovernmental organizations, international financial institutions, scientific and technical bodies and specialized networks as well as civil society and the private sector. The Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction is the main forum for continued and concerted emphasis on disaster reduction, providing strategic guidance and coherence for implementing the Hyogo Framework, and for sharing experiences and expertise among all its stakeholders. A secretariat the UNISDR secretariat supports and assists the ISDR System in implementing the Hyogo Framework for Action. Purpose of the ISDR system The overall objective of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) system is to generate and support a global disaster risk reduction movement to reduce risk to disasters and to build a culture of prevention in society as part of sustainable development. In pursuit of this objective, the ISDR system supports nations and communities to implement the Hyogo Framework for Action through widened participation of Governments and organizations in the ISDR; raising the profile of disaster reduction in the priorities and programmes of organizations; and building a stronger, more systematic and coherent international effort to support national disaster reduction efforts. United Nations Development Programme (Disaster Reduction Unit) According to UNDP reducing the impact of natural disasters requires a comprehensive approach that accounts for the causes of a societys vulnerability to disasters. Not only must a comprehensive strategy be articulated, but the political will must be established to sustain new policies. The key elements of a comprehensive approach to disaster risk reduction consist of: Political will and governance aspects (policies, legal frameworks, resources and organizational structures) Risk identification (risk and impact assessment, early warning) Knowledge management (information management, communication, education training, public awareness, research) Risk management applications (environmental and natural resource management, social and economic development practices, physical and technical measures) Preparedness and emergency management Disaster Risk Reduction and Management in the Philippine Context Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) is a systematic approach to identifying, assessing and reducing the risks of disaster. It aims to reduce socio-economic vulnerabilities to disaster as well as dealing with the environmental and other hazards that trigger them. United Nation agencies such as UNISDR and UNDP define it as The conceptual framework of elements considered with the possibilities to minimize vulnerabilities and disaster risks throughout a society, to avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation and preparedness) the adverse impacts of hazards, within the broad context of sustainable development. DRR is such an all-embracing concept that it has proved difficult to define or explain in detail, although the broad idea is clear enough. Inevitably, there are different definitions of the term in the technical literature but it is generally understood to mean the broad development and application of policies, strategies and practices to minimise vulnerabilities and disaster risks throughout society The term disaster risk management (DRM) is often used in the same context and to mean much the same thing: a systematic approach to identifying, assessing and reducing risks of all kinds associated with hazards and human activities. It is more properly applied to the operational aspects of DRR: the practical implementation of DRR initiatives. Republic Act No.10121 defines DRR as the concept and practice of reducing disaster risks through systematic efforts to analyze and manage the causal factors of disasters, including through reduced exposures to hazards, lessened vulnerability of people and property, wise management of land and the environment, and improved preparedness for adverse events. Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) on the other hand is the systematic process of using administrative directives, organizations, and operational skills and capacities to implement strategies, policies and improved coping capacities in order to lessen the adverse impacts of hazards and the possibility of disaster. Prospective disaster risk reduction and management refers to risk reduction and management activities that address and seek to avoid the development of new or increased disaster risks, especially if risk reduction policies are not put in place. Furthermore, the law provides for comprehensive, all hazards, multi-sectoral, inter-agency and community-based approach to disaster risk reduction and management through the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Framework (NDRRMF). The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (NDRRMP) on the other hand shall provide for the identification of hazards, vulnerabilities and risks to be managed at the national level; disaster risk reduction and management approaches and strategies to be applied m managing said hazards and risks; agency roles, responsibilities and lines of authority at all government levels; and vertical and horizontal coordination of disaster risk reduction and management in the pre-disaster and post-disaster phases. It shall be in conformity with the NDRRMF. Among the policies of Republic Act No.10121 are as follows: (a) Uphold the peoples constitutional rights to life and property by addressing the root causes of vulnerabilities to disasters, strengthening the countrys institutional capacity for disaster risk reduction and management and building the resilience of local communities to disasters including climate change impacts; (b) Adhere to and adopt the universal norms, principles and standards of humanitarian assistance and the global effort on risk reduction as concrete expression of the countrys commitment to overcome human sufferings due to recurring disasters; (c) Incorporate internationally accepted principles of disaster risk management in the creation and implementation of national, regional and local sustainable development and poverty reduction strategies, policies, plans and budgets; (d) Adopt a disaster risk reduction and management approach that is holistic, comprehensive, integrated, and proactive in lessening the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of disasters including climate change, and promote the involvement and participation of all sectors and all stakeholders concerned, at all levels, especially the local community; (e) Develop, promote, and implement a comprehensive National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (NDRRMP) that aims to strengthen the capacity of the national government and the local government units (LGUs), together with partner stakeholders, to build the disaster resilience of communities, and to institutionalize arrangements and measures for reducing disaster risks, including projected climate risks, and enhancing disaster preparedness and response capabilities at all levels; (f) Adopt and implement a coherent, comprehensive, integrated, efficient and responsive disaster risk reduction program incorporated in the development plan at various levels of government adhering to the principles of good governance such as transparency and accountability within the context of poverty alleviation and environmental protection; (g) Mainstream disaster risk reduction and climate change in development processes such as policy formulation, socioeconomic development planning, budgeting, and governance, particularly in the areas of environment, agriculture, water, energy, health, education, poverty reduction, land-use and urban planning, and public infrastructure and housing, among others; (h) Institutionalize the policies, structures, coordination mechanisms and programs with continuing budget appropriation on disaster risk reduction from national down to local levels towards building a disaster-resilient nation and communities; (i) Mainstream disaster risk reduction into the peace process and conflict resolution approaches in order to minimize loss of lives and damage to property, and ensure that communities in conflict zones can immediately go back to their normal lives during periods of intermittent conflicts; (j) Ensure that disaster risk reduction and climate change measures are gender responsive, sensitive to indigenous knowledge systems, and respectful of human rights; (k) Recognize the local risk patterns across the country and strengthen the capacity of LGUs for disaster risk reduction and management through decentralized powers, responsibilities, and resources at the regional and local levels; (l) Recognize and strengthen the capacities of LGUs and communities in mitigating and preparing for, responding to, and recovering from the impact of disasters; (m) Engage the participation of civil society organizations (CSOs), the private sector and volunteers in the governments disaster risk reduction programs towards complementation of resources and effective delivery of services to the Citizenry; (n) Develop and strengthen the capacities of vulnerable and marginalized groups to mitigate, prepare for, respond to, and recover from the effects of disasters; (o) Enhance and implement a program where humanitarian aid workers, communities, health professionals, government aid agencies, donors, and the media are educated and trained on how they can actively support breastfeeding before and during a disaster and/or an emergency; and (p) Provide maximum care, assistance and services to individuals and families affected by disaster, implement emergency rehabilitation projects to lessen the impact of disaster, and facilitate resumption of normal social and economic activities. The CNE Model The CNE Model is the integration of the CNE (cultural-natural-economic) factors to sustainable development. The CNE model is a single integral unity of understanding not only of economics but also of its interface with ecology and sociology. Gonzales (2005) mentioned, in his in-depth study of the CNE model, that a balance between culture and nature is life giving and life nourishing. The economic system is primarily subsistence with no monetary type of transaction of persons and communities. There is a free flow of free goods from nature than economic goods from the marker system. This phenomenon is the dependency to Common Property Resource by communities. On the other, the non dependency to Common Property Resource by communities phenomenon showed rather different approach. The life giving forces of culture and nature have been threatened by imbalances in the system of society, ecology, and economy. There is perceived contradiction between traditions, industrial interest and survival. Economic system on the other end integrates a perceived conflict between subsistence and commercial activities. The integration of the CNE model to sustainable development can lead to an eagles view to the prevailing changes in the country today. It does not only focus on one aspect of the problem but sees the problem in a wider perspective. It also considers factors like culture, nature, and economy in order to create a more comprehensive approach to a countrys development and sustainability. There had been a lot of literature published with regards to DRRM but does not provide links with assessing the integration of the CNE Model to DRRM. There are studies assessing the integration of the environment to DRRM, as well as assessing the integration of the economy to DRRM, but does not encompass all the CNE factors. Theoretical and Conceptual Framework The Hyogo Framework for Action The Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters was adopted at the World Conference on Disaster Reduction, held in Kobe, Hyogo, Japan, 18-22 January 2005. It provides a strategic and comprehensive global approach to reducing vulnerabilities to natural hazards, and represents a significant reorientation of attention toward the root causes of disaster risks, as an essential part of sustainable development, rather than on disaster response alone. It stresses the need for greater political commitment and public awareness, and defines an expected outcome, three strategic goals and five priority areas of action. The Frameworks implementation is identified as primarily the responsibility of States, but with the active participation of others such as local authorities, nongovernmental organizations, the scientific community and the private sector. Regional and international communities, including the international financial institutio ns, the UN system and the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR), are called on to provide an enabling environment and to support capacity development. The ISDR system undertakes international efforts to reduce disaster risk and includes Governments, intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations, international financial institutions, scientific and technical bodies, as well as civil society. The Hyogo Framework calls for the following priority actions: Ensure that disaster risk reduction is a national and a local priority with a strong institutional basis for implementation. (Planning, budgeting and implementing risk reduction policies to avoid settlement in hazardous areas and to ensure that hospitals and schools are hazard resistant, for example) Identify, assess and monitor disaster risks and enhance early warning. (Knowing the risks and taking action involves identifying, assessing and monitoring disaster risk and enhancing early warning) Use knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety and resilience at all levels. (Raising awareness and educating all, through school curricula and sectoral training for instance, to reduce vulnerability) Reduce the underlying risk factors. (Reducing communities vulnerability and risk in sectors through land-use zoning and building codes, by protecting ecosystems and natural defences, and developing insurance and microfinance initiatives) Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response at all levels. (Being prepared and ready to act including by developing and testing contingency plans, establishing emergency funds and coordination systems) Results and Discussions Culture, nature, and economy factors of the CNE Model were considered in the formulation of the DRRM policies of the country. One of the policies explicitly state that the country will adopt a disaster risk reduction and management approach that is holistic, comprehensive, integrated, and proactive in lessening the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of disasters including climate change, and promote the involvement and participation of all sectors and all stakeholders concerned, at all levels, especially the local community. In relation to the culture/social, the law integrated this factor by upholding the peoples constitutional rights to life and property by addressing the root causes of vulnerabilities to disasters, and by adhering to and adopting the universal norms, principles and standards of humanitarian assistance and the global effort on risk reduction as concrete expression of the countrys commitment to overcome human sufferings due to recurring disasters. Furthermore, the law integrated the culture factor to the DRRM policies by mainstream disaster risk reduction into the peace process and conflict resolution approaches in order to minimize loss of lives and damage to property, and ensure that communities in conflict zones can immediately go back to their normal lives during periods of intermittent conflicts, ensuring that disaster risk reduction and climate change measures are gender responsive, sensitive to indigenous knowledge systems, and respectful of human rights, by developing and strengthening the capacities of vulnerable and marginalized groups to mitigate, prepare for, respond to, and recover from the effects of disasters, by providing maximum care, assistance and services to individuals and families affected by disaster, implement emergency rehabilitation projects to lessen the impact of disaster, and facilitate resumption of normal social and economic activities. The nature/environment factor on the other hand was the least integrated and considered in the DRRM policies. The only policy integrated this factor was mainstream disaster risk reduction and climate change in development processes such as policy formulation, socioeconomic development planning, budgeting, and governance, particularly in the areas of environment, agriculture, water, energy, health, education, poverty reduction, land-use and urban planning, and public infrastructure and housing, among others. In the ISDR, the nature/environment factor was highly integrated and considered to DRRM policy making. ISDR stated that nature degradation plays a big role to natural disaster occurrences and natural disasters have great impact to environment. Lastly, the economic factor was also integrated in the DRRM policies by incorporating internationally accepted principles of disaster risk management in the creation and implementation of national, regional and local sustainable development and poverty reduction strategies, policies, plans and budgets. Integrating economic factor to DRRM policies though in the country was not that highly considered. Unlike for developed countries were economy was highly considered. There had been no policies making the local economies resilient the effects of disasters. Conclusions and Recommendations In can be concluded from the study that the CNE factors of the CNE Model to sustainability were integrated in the DRRM policies in the country, however the country put little emphasis on the integration of the nature/environment and economy factors. The CNE Model to sustainability suggests that all the three factors should be considered in DRRM policy making in order to encompass all the aspects needed. Specifically, the nature/environment and economic considerations should be integrated and emphasized in DRRM policies. For instance, DRRM policies should set forth mechanisms that promote and enhance the resiliency of nature/environment and local economies to disasters. Invest in natural resource management, infrastructure development, livelihood generation and social protection to reduce vulnerability and strengthen the resilience of rural livelihoods. Protect and enhance ecosystem services through mechanisms such as protected area

Teaching Philosophy Statement Essay -- Teachers Education Classroom Es

Teaching Philosophy Statement The economic, social, and political systems of the United States are arranged in a manner that benefits the few at the expense of the rest. Unfortunately, the school is a tool indirectly used by the government to perpetuate the injustice and keep things in tact. Blind patriotism in the classroom suppresses discussion on pervasive inequalities, leaving students to ignorantly accept the status quo. As a social reconstructionist, I believe that younger generations should learn about the wrongs that persist, so they can fix our broken society when it is their turn to lead. One factor that influences my decision to become an educator is a yearning to leave my altruistic mark on society. As a teacher, I will have the opportunity to emotionally stir my pupils into social action by exposing injustices hidden by the current educational system and the media. Though my idealism may be naà ¯ve, it is my philosophy that the nature of human beings is actually good. I feel that most people will not tolerate inequalities if they know of their prevalence. For that reason, my students will not be sheltered from real life issues such as AIDS, racism, sexism, homophobia, xenophobia, ethnocentrism, etc. Social ills must be diagnosed before they can ever be cured. Hopefully, my lectures will influence some to enter the real world on a mission to confront these crimes against humanity. According to the praxis doctrine, actions based on sound theory and values will make a difference in the world. In addition to initiating and facilitating social refor m, I will illuminate the transparent barrier suppressing upward mobility in our nation. In America, the class sy... ...le a hectic classroom environment. After I graduate from Concord University with a degree in both History and Education with an emphasis on Social Studies, I hope to study under a new social historian and earn my Masters or possibly a Doctorate. Though my beliefs are conspicuously biased, I do not wish to impose them on any child that may ever enter my classroom. Instead, I only hope to open my learners’ eyes to the darker side of society, provide possible solutions, and allow them to individually reconstruct their own perspective of the world. My goal as a teacher will be to imbue in my pupils that true patriotism is striving to make America perfect, not assuming it already is. Hopefully, future generations will substantiate the egalitarian rhetoric of our forefathers, and prove to the world that all men are truly created equal.

Castles Essay -- essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The castle, a strong stone structure, which invokes images of kings and knights, dragons and princesses, is such an integral part of medieval history. One cannot think history without thinking about the towering structures of stone that dominated the green landscapes of the past. These stone monoliths served many purposes: buildings of government, defense, symbols of power, and homes. Just as it has varied purposes, the castles diverse and interesting history, from tiny wooden structures to the behemoth structures of rock and mortar that we associate with the word: Castle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The castle’s development cannot be pinpointed to a particular year or location, though the first castle is widely accepted as being Douà ©-la-Fontaine and Langeais in the Loire Valley of France. Both these castles were originally stone fortifications that served as homes to local warring Counts. As time went on and their feuding got more violent, their homes got more impressive, each count adding levels and stones to their homes. This one-upmanship continued until, at some point, the homes became what is considered the first castle, the motte and bailey.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Motte and Bailey Castles started out simple, normally just wooden buildings, which relied on natural defenses such as rivers or hills to prevent attacks. Oft times rivers were even diverted to add extra protection, and as a steady water supply in the event of a siege. But always somebody had to do better; soon they were adding mounds, banks ditches, and whatever else would trip up invaders. Earthworks, as they were called, could be mounds, also called mottes, or hollow circles of dirt, called ringworks. In the case of a motte, a wooden tower usually topped it; while a ringwork enclosed structures protected by a wooden palisade, or fence. Nonetheless, in each instance, earth was dug from the perimeter, leaving a ditch, which further impeded attackers. Eventually these two types of earthworks were combined into one castle, the traditional Motte and Bailey. Baileys being a large level area surrounded by a ringwork, with a Motte connecting. The bailey often contai ned a hall, buildings for livestock, a forge and armory, and a chapel. The Motte and Bailey castles were also very quick and easy to construct, and provided a look-out post, in addition to, ad... ... proceeded at a more leisurely pace, becoming more of a hobby than a necessity. However, there were times when a castle or two discouraged an invading force or to quell a rebellious population. These changes in society gradually led to the decline of the castle as an institution. Where castles had once served an important position as a fortress, city hall, and home, these functions were now being better served by other buildings at reduced costs. Nobles tired of playing the ‘my castle is bigger’ game and searched elsewhere for more comfortable homes. And forts manned by professional soldiers assimilated the duty of defending areas. Luckily, some castles remained, serving as a centre for local administration or as prisons long after they had ceased being cool. Some castles were upgraded into opulent palaces, but this cost a boatload, and it was oft cheaper just to build a new home, often cannibalizing the old castles for building material. Bibliography Bradbury, Jim. The Medieval Siege. The Boydell Press. Woodbridge, 1992. Brown, R. Allen. The Architecture of Castles: A Visual Guide. Facts On File Publications. New York, 1984. Steele, Philip. Castles. Kingfisher. New York, 1995.

Fertility Myths with Demeter and Persephone and Amaterasu :: Papers

Compare or contrast two major female fertility deities as to character, activities and role in the myth. In the myths of the ancient world, a great deal of importance is placed on the rhythmical cycle of birth, maturity, death and rebirth. Ancient agrarian people observed the world around them, and from this observation they realized that their lives as well as every other living thing on this planet was a part of an intricate continuing cycle. Everything withered and died, but not before reproducing and continuing the cycle of life. Since female plants and animals were directly responsible for the birth of new life, people worshipped female deities to ensure that the earthly cycle of life was maintained in proper balance. One such goddess can be found in Japanese mythology. The most ancient of Japanese deities, Amaterasu is the goddess of the sun. She is also the ruler of the gods and the universe. She is revered and given considerable praise, evidenced by the fact the Japanese imperial family traces its lineage directly to the Goddess Amaterasu. This reverence is understandable, given the sun's extreme importance in the cycle of life. Without the sun, there would be no warmth, no plants, and certainly no humans. It also represents the important role that women played in early Japanese culture, where they occupied the same social roles as men. In the myth of Amaterasu, her brother Susano-o-no-Mikoto has offended her by defiling her home and not respecting her. He has also committed an act of physical violence against one of her servants. In one version of the myth, one of Amaterasu's weaving women dies as a result of a wound to her vulva caused by Susano-o-no-Mikoto. This so enrages Amaterasu that she closes herself into a cave and refuses to come out. Without her life giving rays of sunshine the world begins to wither and die. Other Gods and Goddesses attempt to lure her out of the cave by throwing a celebration. They also set up a large mirror in a hope that when Amaterasu sees how brilliant she looks, she will want to come out and spread her radiance and glory. One of the Goddesses, Ame no Uzume, performs a dance in front of the entrance to the cave. The other Gods and Goddesses cheer so loudly in appreciation that Amaterasu becomes curious about why everybody is so happy. After all, they should all be depressed since she and her sunshine are gone. Fertility Myths with Demeter and Persephone and Amaterasu :: Papers Compare or contrast two major female fertility deities as to character, activities and role in the myth. In the myths of the ancient world, a great deal of importance is placed on the rhythmical cycle of birth, maturity, death and rebirth. Ancient agrarian people observed the world around them, and from this observation they realized that their lives as well as every other living thing on this planet was a part of an intricate continuing cycle. Everything withered and died, but not before reproducing and continuing the cycle of life. Since female plants and animals were directly responsible for the birth of new life, people worshipped female deities to ensure that the earthly cycle of life was maintained in proper balance. One such goddess can be found in Japanese mythology. The most ancient of Japanese deities, Amaterasu is the goddess of the sun. She is also the ruler of the gods and the universe. She is revered and given considerable praise, evidenced by the fact the Japanese imperial family traces its lineage directly to the Goddess Amaterasu. This reverence is understandable, given the sun's extreme importance in the cycle of life. Without the sun, there would be no warmth, no plants, and certainly no humans. It also represents the important role that women played in early Japanese culture, where they occupied the same social roles as men. In the myth of Amaterasu, her brother Susano-o-no-Mikoto has offended her by defiling her home and not respecting her. He has also committed an act of physical violence against one of her servants. In one version of the myth, one of Amaterasu's weaving women dies as a result of a wound to her vulva caused by Susano-o-no-Mikoto. This so enrages Amaterasu that she closes herself into a cave and refuses to come out. Without her life giving rays of sunshine the world begins to wither and die. Other Gods and Goddesses attempt to lure her out of the cave by throwing a celebration. They also set up a large mirror in a hope that when Amaterasu sees how brilliant she looks, she will want to come out and spread her radiance and glory. One of the Goddesses, Ame no Uzume, performs a dance in front of the entrance to the cave. The other Gods and Goddesses cheer so loudly in appreciation that Amaterasu becomes curious about why everybody is so happy. After all, they should all be depressed since she and her sunshine are gone.

Conflict with “Macbeth” and “World War Poetry” Essay

During this essay I am going to write about the many diverse ways in which conflict is presented in William Shakespeare’s Macbeth and Wilfred Owen’s Poetry of World War 1. I will be comparing the ways in which Macbeth and 3 poems written by Owen; Mental Cases, The Next War and Dulce Et Decorum Est, link with each other. Macbeth is a play written in 1606 by Shakespeare who wrote plays to entertain his audience. On the other hand, Owen was a soldier in World War 1 when he wrote famous poems; he wrote them to tell us about the tragedies of war and he expressed his thoughts and feelings about war and conflict. Owen’s poems are influenced by his own experiences of war. In Macbeth the conflict shown by Macbeth and the other characters, gives us an idea of how Macbeth’s rivalry between certain characters in the play depicted the whole play itself. For example, Macbeth’s conflict with King Duncan shows how Macbeth was such an easy target for the witches bec ause they predicted he would be the next Thane of Cawdor which came true, then they predicted he would be the next King, but when Duncan announced Malcolm to be the next heir to the throne, Macbeth become insecure and had the thoughts of killing Duncan. â€Å"I have no spur to prick the sides of my intent, but only vaulting ambition which o’erleaps itself† – Macbeth’s excessive ambition is like a horse that tries to jump too high but it falls on the other side of the fence, also Shakespeare uses a metaphor to describe Macbeth’s ambition as ‘vaulting’ like a horse. Shakespeare brings the idea of Macbeth killing Duncan to life. Similarly, Wilfred Owen presents the conflict in his poems in ways which he relentlessly unveils the full scale of the war’s horrors. For example, in Owen’s poem ‘Mental Cases’, the conflict the soldiers have with the violent conditions they had to live in, Owen presents the mental torment suffered by the patients in this poem. He uses the simile â€Å"like a wound† to show that their wounds are still fresh and present in their minds. The words such as ‘blade’ and ‘bleeds afresh’ suggest that they have be en brutally ripped open by the conflict happening in their minds. Owen’s poem ‘Mental Cases’ shows us the mental anguish the soldiers had to go through during the World War. He uses the simile â€Å"baring teeth that leak like skulls, teeth wicked† to describe the soldiers as skeletons because they’re half dead from fighting continuously in the war; this shows how the poems title ‘Mental Cases’ links with the whole concept of the soldiers being half dead because their minds have been taken over by  the trauma of the war. â€Å"Batter of guns and shatter of flying muscles† – the use of violent imagery to emphasise the way in which the soldiers are continuously surrounded by gun-shots (‘batter of guns’) and dead bodies (‘flying muscles’). â€Å"Dawn breaks open like a wound that bleeds afresh† – Owen uses a simile, also a personified phrase to highlight the way the soldiers wake up to constant violence around them. Wilfred Owen uses words such as ‘skulls’ to show that the soldiers were like skeletons; half dead. Also he uses ‘ravished’ to give more power to the poem, to demonstrate that the horrors have taken over the soldiers’ minds. This poem links with Macbeth due to the way in which Macbeth is mentally tormented because of the crimes he’s committed which are now acting upon him, just the way the patients are mentally tormented because of the tragic war. Shakespeare uses the personified phrase â€Å"art th ou not fatal vision sensible to feeling as to sight?† to accentuate that Macbeth can only see the dagger in his mind but it’s not really there. â€Å"Here’s the smell of blood still, all the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten† – Shakespeare manipulates the use of the senses to show that Lady Macbeth is saying that there is no perfume of this world which shall ‘sweeten’ our sinful hands; which emphasises that Lady Macbeth still thinks about the murder of King Duncan. Shakespeare also uses the simile â€Å"that not look like inhabitants o’the earth† to show that the witches aren’t humans; they don’t belong to the earth. â€Å"If it were done when ‘tis done, then ‘twere well it were done quickly† Shakespeare presents the idea of past and present; to kill Duncan quickly would be better. â€Å"Thy bones are marrowless, thy blood is cold† – Macbeth says to the ghost of Banquo; he has no marrow in his bones, his blood is cold. Shakespeare uses words such as ‘fatal’ to show the mental torment Macbeth is going through whilst h e sees the dagger in his mind. Also he uses ‘inhabitants’ to describe the way the witches look; they don’t look like they live on earth. In Owen’s poem ‘The Next War’ he presents the inner conflict of the war because the poem is based on the idea of not being afraid of death but getting used to the fact that death comes everyday to them. In the beginning of the poem Owen has written a quote from Siegfried Sassoon â€Å"war’s a joke for me and you, while we know such dreams are true† – this is an unusual sonnet because sonnets are usually on love and romance, but this one is on war. Owen uses personification like â€Å"out there we’ve walked quite friendly up to Death; sat  down and eaten with him, cool and bland† to emphasise that mostly all the soldiers are used to seeing people die and when death comes its normal for them. Also Owen describes death as ‘cool’ and ‘bland’ – these are oxymorons because they have an unusual perspective of war. â€Å"He’s spat at us with bullets and he’s coughed† – Owen u ses personification to show how death has tortured the soldiers. Owen uses many language techniques to bring the idea of welcoming death to the soldiers’ lives. Wilfred Owen uses words like ‘courage’ to emphasise the soldiers’ characters. Also he uses ‘green thick odour’ to represent the ‘odour’ as the poisonous gas that caused many soldiers’ deaths. This poem links with Macbeth because in this poem Owen talks about the courage these soldiers had and how they got used to seeing their men die all the time, however, in Macbeth, Macbeth is looked at as ‘brave Macbeth’ who has ‘disdaining fortune’ because he won the battle for Scotland and was looked at as a hero. â€Å"For brave Macbeth – well he deserves that name – disdaining fortune, with his brandish’d steel† – Shakespeare describes Macbeth as a courageous warrior. However, during the play we find out that Macbeth has planned to kill Duncan, but then feels a slight regret in going fourth with the murder â€Å"we will proceed no further in this business. He hath honour’d me of late, and I have bought golden opinions from all sorts of people†. In this scene, Lady Macbeth attacks Macbeths manliness and makes him feel like he less of a man â€Å"And live a coward in thine own esteem†. â€Å"But screw your courage to the sticking place† – Shakespeare uses a metaphor here to show the power in which Lady Macbeth has; she wants Macbeth to tighten his courage to the limit, so he can go fourth and kill Duncan. Lady Macbeth tries to convince him by calling him a ‘coward’ and unmanly. Macbeth is convinced enough to murder Duncan which eventually lead to his own down fall. ‘Dulce Et Decroum Est’ meaning ‘Die for Your Country’ is another famous poem of Wilfred Owen’s where it links to battlefield conflict and inner conflict. The poem is based on the whole concept of war, and how the soldiers fight for their country throughout the world war. â€Å"Bent double like old beggars, coughing like hags† – Owen uses two similes to describe the soldiers as ‘beggars’ and ‘hags’, due to the way they live in. â€Å"Men marched asleep† – this use of characterisation brings to life the way in which the soldiers were continuously marching during their days, and nights. Owen also uses an oxymoron to bring sarcasm into the poem  Ã¢â‚¬Å"of gas shells dropping softly behind† – gas shells are usually very loud and dangerous but Owen makes out the gas shells were ‘soft’. â€Å"As under a green sea I saw him drowning.† – a metaphor to describe the poisonous gas, and Owen’s persona of his friend drowning in the gas. â€Å"Guttering, choking, and drowning† – the use of onomatopoeia gives effect of the way in which Owen presents the conflict of the war. Owen also uses personified techniques to show the inner conflict of how the soldiers’ minds were taken over by the tragic war â€Å"If you could hear, at every jolt, the blood† – the effect that Owen uses to ‘hear the blood’. Owen gives the impression that these soldiers are broken and describes them to be helpless. Wilfred Owen uses words such as ‘deaf’ from the gun shots and bombs and ‘blind’ from the tear gas and smoke; he uses pitiful language to reveal the reality of war. This poem links with Macbeth, because Owen talks about the way in which the soldiers die for their country and linking back to Macbeth, he fought a battle for his country. However, the soldiers in the poem are described as ‘beggars’ and ‘hags’, on the other hand, Macbeth is described as ‘brave’. Macbeth has a higher reputation because he had killed the enemy of King Duncan’s. Shakespeare describes the nature of war as if it is a game or a sport â€Å"doubtful it stood, as two spent swimmers that do cling together† – using the word ‘swimmer’ relates to sport and ‘doubtful’ makes them want to try harder and think of swimming where they are pushing the water away racing to the finish line makes the reader create a picture of Macbeth and Banquo slashing away with their swords creating a sea of dead soldiers and blood behind them fighting their way to glory. It is only at the end of the play that Macbeth finally discovers his fate; after being told that Macduff had been, â€Å"untimely ripped from his mothers’ womb†. Macbeth describes the witches as â€Å"Juggling Fiends† Macbeth is accusing the witches of deliberately juggling their words so that he could not understand them. This is a clever quote as Macbeth has just realised his life is in ruins, but the audience knew this earlier. The witches have changed Macbeth from a brave warrior to an evil, murderous, traitor, underlining the conflict of good and evil. â€Å"By the pricking of my thumbs, something wicked this way comes† – this quote is significant as it illustrates the change in Macbeth throughout the play, now even the witches consider Macbeth to be evil. However, when looking at the path of destruction that Macbeth has left behind him it isn’t very  surprising. Just one man driven by his ambition to be king has led to a chain reactio n of murders. There are many important conflicts in Macbeth, like the conflict between Lady Macbeth and Macbeth, the conflict between the good which is represented by Macduff and the evil which is represented by Macbeth, and Macbeth versus himself, his inner struggle, and all of those conflicts lead to Macbeth’s down fall. Shakespeare gave a truthful, but interesting effect to show war and conflict in that time and age of Shakespeare. There are also many significant conflicts in the World War 1 which Wilfred Owen wrote about in all of his famous poems, like the conflict between the soldiers and death; the way in which the soldiers have to welcome death because it’s likely they will die. This conflict leads to the soldiers becoming mentally tormented. Owen always revealed the truth about war and conflict.